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Manual of Practice No. 71: Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 2012
- Cover
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- PART ONE: INTRODUCTION [Go to Page]
- 1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF AGRICULTURAL SALINITY AND SODICITY [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Salinity and Its Sources
- Extent of Agricultural Salt Problems
- Reactivity of Salts and Salt Flows
- Concerns Over Agricultural Salinity Problems
- The Agricultural Salinity and Drainage Dilemma
- Summary
- References
- 2 DIAGNOSIS OF SALINITY PROBLEMS AND SELECTION OF CONTROL PRACTICES: AN OVERVIEW [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Potential Adverse Effects of Salts on Soils and Plants: Brief Summary
- Diagnosing Salt Problems
- Assessing Reclaimability
- Selecting Salinity Control and Management Measures
- Using Models to Identify Potential Salinity Problems
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- PART TWO: EFFECTS OF SALTS ON SOILS [Go to Page]
- 3 THE CHEMISTRY OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS AND WATERS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Origin of Salt in Soil and Water
- Measurement of Salinity
- Chemistry of Salt-Affected Soil Solutions
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 4 CHEMISTRY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND GROUNDWATER [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Processes Affecting Trace Element Concentrations
- Biogeochemical Behavior and Distribution of Trace Elements in Soils and Groundwater
- Evaluation of Pollution Potential in Soils
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 5 SOIL RESPONSE TO SALINE AND SODIC CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Solution Composition and Clay Swelling and Dispersion
- Solution Composition and the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sodic Soils
- The Infiltration Rate in Sodic Soils
- Depositional Crust: Effect of Salinity and Sodicity
- Effect of Extrinsic Physical Conditions on Susceptibility of Soils to Sodicity
- Effect of Polyacrylamide and Gypsum on Runoff and Erosion from Sodic Soils
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Notation
- 6 PLANT RESPONSES TO SALINE AND SODIC CONDITIONS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Salinity and Sodicity
- Principal Responses of Plants to Salinity
- Mechanisms of Response
- Integration in the Whole Plant
- Outlook
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 7 DEFICIENCIES AND TOXICITIES OF TRACE ELEMENTS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Factors Influencing Trace Element Deficiencies and Toxicities of Plants
- Methods for Diagnosing Trace Element Deficiencies and Toxicities
- Accumulation of Trace Elements in Vegetation to Levels Potentially Harmful to Animals
- Assessing the Fates of Trace Elements in Soils
- Summary
- References
- 8 TRANSGENIC STRATEGIES TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Conclusions and Perspectives
- Summary
- References
- PART THREE: SAMPLING, MONITORING, AND MEASUREMENT [Go to Page]
- 9 FIELD SAMPLING OF SOIL, WATER, AND PLANTS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Sampling Techniques
- Considerations in Developing Sampling Strategies
- Evaluations of Sampling Strategies
- Sampling Parameters
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 10 LABORATORY AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Factors Affecting Soil Salinity
- Direct and Indirect Analysis of Soil Salinity
- Methods of Laboratory, Lysimeter, and Plot-Scale Soil Salinity Measurement
- Soil-Related (Edaphic) Factors Influencing the EC[sub(a)] Measurement
- Methods of Field-Scale Soil Salinity Measurement
- Use of Remote Imagery for Measuring Soil Salinity at Field and Landscape Scales
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- PART FOUR: DIAGNOSIS OF SALT PROBLEMS [Go to Page]
- 11 IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENTS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Salinity
- Sodicity
- Ionic Balances
- Boron
- Trace Elements
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 12 LEACHING AND ROOTZONE SALINITY CONTROL [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Water and Salt Balance
- Leaching Requirement
- Effect of Shallow Groundwater
- Soil Salinity Without Leaching
- Integration of Soil Salinity by Crops
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 13 PLANT SALT TOLERANCE [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Source and Causes of Soil Salinity
- Plant Salt Tolerance
- Salinity and Nutritional Imbalance
- Crop Response to Specific Ions and Elements
- Parameters Influencing Plant Response to Salt Stress
- Plant Tolerance to Saline Sprinkling Waters
- Controlling Soil Salinity
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 14 STATISTICAL MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF FIELD-SCALE AND SPATIAL SALINITY PATTERNS FROM SOIL CONDUCTIVITY SURVEY DATA [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 15 SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOLUTE BALANCE IN A CALIFORNIA WATER DISTRICT [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Local Geology of the Panoche Water District
- Methods
- Results
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Notation
- PART FIVE: SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS [Go to Page]
- 16 ON-FARM IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PRACTICES [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Irrigation and Salinity Control
- Drainage and Salinity Control
- Management of Shallow Groundwaters
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 17 DRIP IRRIGATION AND SALINITY [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 18 MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND SALINE SEEPS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Factors Contributing to Saline Seep Development
- Types of Saline Seeps
- Water Quality Associated with Saline Seeps
- Identification of Recharge and Discharge (Seep) Areas
- Methods for Controlling Saline Seeps
- Reclamation of Controlled Saline Seep Areas
- Socioeconomic Concerns
- Summary
- References
- 19 PROJECT-LEVEL SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Planning Regional Management Programs
- Salinity Control Options
- Project-Level Programs
- Legal and Institutional Factors
- Salinity Reduction by Improving Water Supplies and Irrigation Management
- Summary
- References
- 20 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- PART SIX: LAND RECLAMATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF DRAINAGE WATERS [Go to Page]
- 21 RECLAMATION OF SALINE, SODIC, AND BORON-AFFECTED SOILS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Effects of Salinity and Adsorbed Ions on Soil Properties
- Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils
- Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils
- Reclamation of Boron-Affected Soils
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 22 USE OF SALINE DRAINAGE WATERS FOR IRRIGATION [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Irrigation with Saline Water
- Summary and Conclusion
- References
- Notation
- 23 DRAINAGE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Treatment of Agricultural Drainage Water
- Trace Element Treatment
- Disposal Options
- Reclamation and Reuse Options
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 24 AGRICULTURAL EVAPORATION BASINS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 25 SALINITY ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER USING WATSUIT [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Summary and Conclusion
- References
- Notation
- 26 LEACHING REQUIREMENT: STEADY-STATE VERSUS TRANSIENT MODELS [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- General Description of Models Used to Estimate Leaching Requirement
- WATSUIT
- UNSATCHEM
- Model Inputs
- Model Leaching Requirement Estimates
- Implications of Leaching Requirement Model Estimates
- Summary
- References
- Notation
- 27 CONCEPTUAL WATER FLOW AND SALT TRANSPORT FOR FLUX-LIMITED AND PONDED INFILTRATION [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- An Overview of Research
- Water Flow Model
- Solute Transport Model
- Results
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- 28 MODELING TRANSIENT ROOTZONE SALINITY (SWS MODEL) [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Model Development
- SWS Model
- Soil and Water Chemistry
- SWS Applications
- Summary
- References
- 29 LONG-TERM REGIONAL-SCALE MODELING OF SOIL SALINITY [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results and Discussion
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Notation
- 30 CONCEPTUAL IRRIGATION PROJECT HYDROSALINITY MODEL [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Description of CIRFLE Hydrosalinity Model
- Model Calibration and Validation
- Sensitivity Analysis
- Model Application
- Model Limitations, Model Improvements, and Future Research Needs
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Notation
- 31 MICROECONOMICS OF SALINITY AND DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Dynamic Irrigation Management for a Single Season
- Multiyear Irrigation Management
- Farm and Regional Agricultural Production
- Summary and Conclusions
- References
- Notation
- 32 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA: A CASE STUDY [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- The Valley
- Efforts to Provide Agricultural Drainage for the San Joaquin Valley
- Drainage Litigation
- On-Farm Efforts
- Drainage Control Outside the San Luis Unit Service Area
- Summary
- References
- 33 INSTITUTIONAL AND SALINITY ISSUES ON THE UPPER RIO GRANDE [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Rio Grande Overview
- Summary
- References
- 34 VIABILITY OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE WITH EXPANDING SPACE AND TIME SCALES [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Farm Control Volume
- Extending the Spatial and Temporal Extent
- Irrigation District Control Volume
- Regional Control Volume Management
- Framework for Management Models
- Agricultural Viability
- Summary
- References
- APPENDIX
- INDEX [Go to Page]
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z [Go to Page]
