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ASCE Construction Contract Claims, Changes, and Dispute Resolution, 2016
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgment
- Contributors
- Chapter 1: Introduction [Go to Page]
- 1.1. A More Rounded Approach to Construction Disputes
- 1.2. Construction Claims-Background, Outlook, and Approach
- 1.3. Definition of a Claim
- 1.4. The Purpose of This Book
- 1.5. Public Contracts
- 1.6. Private Contracts
- 1.7. Beyond the Contract-Principles of Construction Law
- 1.8. Policies and Procedures for Administration [Go to Page]
- 1.8.1. Basic Procedures for Claims and Change Order Administration
- 1.8.2. Active Claims Policy-The Right to Claims Recovery
- 1.8.3. Active Claims Program
- 1.8.4. Procedural Roadblocks and How to Overcome Them
- 1.9. New Format for the Third Edition
- 1.10. Review of Chapters
- 1.11. Owners, Designers, and Their Representatives
- Endnotes
- Chapter 2: Claim Identification and Notification [Go to Page]
- 2.1. Definition of a Claim
- 2.2. Claims Consciousness
- 2.3. Two Elements of Every Claim
- 2.4. Identification and Entitlement [Go to Page]
- 2.4.1. Importance of Identification
- 2.4.2. Early Identification
- 2.4.3. Two Requirements of Entitlement-Knowledge of the Contract Documents and Familiarity with Construction Law [Go to Page]
- First Requirement of Entitlement: Knowledge of Contract Documents
- Second Requirement of Entitlement: Familiarity with Legal Concepts and Rights
- 2.4.4. Frame of Reference
- 2.4.5. Communications
- 2.4.6. The Changes Clause
- 2.4.7. Warning Signs of Claim Situations
- 2.5. The Quantum Element of a Claim [Go to Page]
- 2.5.1. Quantum-Prerequisites to Recovery
- 2.5.2. Quantum-Cost Identification and Support
- 2.6. Notification of Claims and Change Orders
- 2.7. Time Requirements [Go to Page]
- 2.7.1. Federal Clauses
- 2.7.2. Private Clauses [Go to Page]
- American Institute of Architects
- ConsensusDOCS
- Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee
- 2.8. Late Notice
- 2.9. Notification-Factors Involving Contract Owners
- 2.10. Federal Contracts and the Contract Disputes Act [Go to Page]
- 2.10.1. Request for Final Decision, Claims Certification
- 2.10.2. Impact of a Contractor's Failure to Request a Final Decision or Contractor's Submission of an Invalid Request for a Final Decision
- 2.10.3. Contents of the Contracting Officer's Final Decision
- 2.10.4. Rights of Appeal
- 2.10.5. Contract Appeals, Not Bid Protests
- 2.10.6. The Role of the Contract Disputes Act and Contract-Based Claims
- 2.10.7. Contractor's Election of Forum for Appeal
- 2.10.8. Election: The Choice of Where to File [Go to Page]
- Agency Boards of Contract Appeals (BCA or BCAs)
- Appealing the CO's Final Decision to the Court of Federal Claims
- 2.11. Appeal of a BCA or COFC Decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit [Go to Page]
- 2.11.1. Appealing a Board Decision to the Federal Circuit
- 2.11.2. Appealing a Court of Federal Claims Decision to the Federal Circuit
- 2.12. Alternative Dispute Resolution and Federal Construction Contracts
- 2.13. Conclusion
- Appendix 2A: EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract, Articles 11 and 12
- Appendix 2B: Appealing the CO's Final Decision to the Agency Board of Contract Appeals [Go to Page]
- 2B.1. Notice Requirements and Filing Deadlines
- 2B.2. The Six Boards of Contract Appeals
- 2B.3. Accelerated Appeals and Small Claims Procedures
- 2B.4. Benefits of Appealing to the BCAs
- 2B.5. Finality of the BCA's Decision
- Appendix 2C: Appealing the CO's Final Decision to the Court of Federal Claims
- Appendix 2D: Appealing a BCA Decision or Court of Federal Claims Judgment to the Federal Circuit
- Appendix 2E: Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Boards of Contract Appeals, Court of Federal Claims, and Federal Circuit Court [Go to Page]
- 2E.1. Overview of ADR
- 2E.2. Filing Requirements
- 2E.3. ADR Processes
- 2E.4. Board of Contract Appeals' Use of Different ADR Techniques
- 2E.5. ADR in the Court of Federal Claims
- 2E.6. ADR in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
- Endnotes
- Chapter 3: Differing Site Conditions [Go to Page]
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Differing Site Conditions Clauses
- 3.3. Two Types of Differing Site Conditions
- 3.4. Type One Conditions-Examples
- 3.5. Type Two Conditions-Examples
- 3.6. Forces of Nature
- 3.7. Investigation of the Site and the Plans and Specifications [Go to Page]
- 3.7.1. Duty to Investigate: Reasonable Investigation
- 3.7.2. Inadequate Investigation
- 3.7.3. Disclaimers for Differing Site Conditions
- 3.7.4. Representations of Conditions
- 3.8. Summary and Checklist
- Appendix 3A Site Investigation Report Form
- Endnotes
- Chapter 4: Interpretation and Requirements of Contract Specifications [Go to Page]
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Rules of Contract Interpretation [Go to Page]
- 4.2.1. Background
- 4.2.2. Reasonableness
- 4.2.3. The Contract as a Whole
- 4.2.4. Language
- 4.2.5. Custom or Usage
- 4.2.6. Parol Evidence Rule
- 4.2.7. ``Against the Drafter''
- 4.2.8. Conduct
- 4.3. Defective Specifications [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1. Introduction
- 4.3.2. Suitability of Designated Methods or Materials
- 4.3.3. Possibility and Practicality
- 4.3.4. Constructive and Cardinal Changes
- 4.3.5. Disclosure of Knowledge
- 4.3.6. Cost and Notification Aspects
- 4.4. Duty to Seek Clarification [Go to Page]
- 4.4.1. Obligation to Notify Owner of Errors or Discrepancies
- 4.4.2. Zone of Reasonableness
- 4.4.3. Two-Step Test
- 4.4.4. ``Not Part of Contract''
- 4.5. Duty to Inform
- 4.6. Duty to Proceed
- 4.7. Duty to Inspect [Go to Page]
- 4.7.1. Improper Rejection
- 4.7.2. Improper Acceptance
- 4.8. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 5: Construction Project Delays and Time Extensions [Go to Page]
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. The Critical Path and Float
- 5.3. Types of Delay [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1. Excusable Delay
- 5.3.2. Nonexcusable Delay
- 5.3.3. Compensable Delay
- 5.3.4. Noncompensable Delay
- 5.4. When Does a Delay Occur?
- 5.5. Causes of Delay [Go to Page]
- 5.5.1. Site Access
- 5.5.2. Differing Site Conditions
- 5.5.3. Force Majeure
- 5.5.4. Adverse Weather
- 5.6. Suspension of Work
- 5.7. Disruption, Inefficiencies, Loss of Productivity, and Loss of Learning Curve
- 5.8. Delays Due to Defective Work Leading to Rework Delays
- 5.9. Typical Owner-Caused Delay
- 5.10. Typical Contractor-Caused Delay
- 5.11. Delays on Multiprime Contracts
- 5.12. Concurrent Delay
- 5.13. Pacing Delays
- 5.14. Delay Documentation, Measurement, and Proof [Go to Page]
- 5.14.1. Contemporaneous and Baseline Schedules
- 5.14.2. The Project Record
- 5.15. Liquidated Damages
- 5.16. No Damages for Delay Clause
- 5.17. Remedies for Project Delay
- 5.18. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 6: Acceleration and Mitigation of Project Delays [Go to Page]
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Mitigation [Go to Page]
- 6.2.1. Duty to Mitigate
- 6.2.2. Owner's Mitigation Obligations
- 6.3. Acceleration [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1. Constructive Acceleration [Go to Page]
- Requirements
- Express Directive Not Required
- Notice, Request for Time Extension
- Explicit Denial of Time Extension Not Required
- 6.4. Proving Delays, Time Extensions, and Acceleration
- 6.5. Recovery Schedules and Schedule Acceleration
- 6.6. Acceleration Costs
- 6.7. Conclusion
- Appendix 6A: Overtime Statistics
- Endnotes
- Chapter 7: Records and Documentation [Go to Page]
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Types of Records
- 7.3. Bid, Estimate, and Budgets
- 7.4. Time Cards
- 7.5. Job Cost Accounting System
- 7.6. Production Reporting
- 7.7. Material and Delivery Receipts
- 7.8. Schedules and Progress Reporting
- 7.9. Cash Flows
- 7.10. Correspondence, Transmittal, and Submittal Logs
- 7.11. Daily Reports
- 7.12. Photographs and Videos
- 7.13. Special Forms for Change Orders and Claims
- 7.14. Periodic Reviews
- 7.15. E-Mail and Social Media
- 7.16. Document Management
- 7.17. Conclusion
- Appendix 7A: Daily Production Report Form (Sample Form)
- Appendix 7B: Job Report Summary of Effect of Disruptions and Interference (Sample Form)
- Appendix 7C: Change Order Initiation Form
- Appendix 7D: Change Order Status Report (Sample Form)
- Appendix 7E: Change Order Status Report Cover Letter
- Endnotes
- Chapter 8: Use of Project Schedules and the Critical Path Method in Claims [Go to Page]
- 8.1. Introduction [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1. Description of CPM
- 8.1.2. Obstacles to Use of CPM for Construction Scheduling
- 8.2. Use of CPM in Claims Analysis
- 8.3. Pitfalls to Avoid in CPM Claims Analysis
- 8.4. Development of the Baseline [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1. Essential Elements in Constructing the Schedule
- 8.4.2. Additional Considerations of CPM Schedule Preparation
- 8.5. Float
- 8.6. Float-Early Completion
- 8.7. Concurrent Delay
- 8.8. Three Types of Acceleration
- 8.9. Schedule Analysis Techniques for Claims Support [Go to Page]
- 8.9.1. As-Planned vs. As-Built
- 8.9.2. Contemporaneous Period Analysis
- 8.9.3. Time Impact Analysis
- 8.9.4. Collapsed As-Built
- 8.10. Contemporaneous Understanding of Criticality
- 8.11. Comparison Chart of CPM Analysis Methods
- 8.12. Other Methods
- 8.13. Expert Schedule Analysis
- 8.14. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 9: Impact on Labor Productivity from Claims and Change Orders [Go to Page]
- 9.1. Introduction3
- 9.2. Productivity's Nature and Importance
- 9.3. Change and Productivity Loss [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1. A Word about the Effects of ``Changes'' on Productivity
- 9.3.2. Change Types [Go to Page]
- Project and Contract Factors
- Location and Environmental Factors
- Project Team Factors
- Managerial Actions and Decision Factors
- Human Reaction Factors
- External Factors
- 9.3.3. Factors That Magnify the Impact of a Change-First and Second Order Losses
- 9.4. Loss of Productivity Change Requests and Claims [Go to Page]
- 9.4.1. Causation, Liability, and Quantum
- 9.4.2. Quantification of Damages [Go to Page]
- Project-Specific Studies [Go to Page]
- The Measured Mile
- Guidelines for Developing a Measured-Mile Analysis
- Other Project-Specific Studies [Go to Page]
- Overtime and Shift Work
- Weather
- Acceleration
- Other Discrete Impact Studies
- Loss of Productivity Studies Due to Multiple Factors (Cumulative Impact) [Go to Page]
- Leonard's Model
- Hanna's Models
- Ibbs's Models
- Ways to Strengthen Use of Industry Studies
- Total Cost Methods
- 9.4.3. Quantification of Productivity Loss Damages
- 9.5. Ways to Improve Productivity
- 9.6. Conclusion
- References
- Endnotes
- Chapter 10: Subcontractors and Suppliers [Go to Page]
- 10.1. Introduction
- 10.2. General Contractor's Duty of Performance
- 10.3. Contractor-Subcontractor Relationship
- 10.4. Subcontractor-Owner Claims
- 10.5. Suppliers [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1. Supplier Purchase Orders
- 10.5.2. Proprietary Specifications-Contractor's Right to Substitute
- 10.5.3. Delays, Drawing Approvals
- 10.5.4. Supplier Schedules
- 10.6. Documentation of General Contractor/Subcontractor/Supplier Transactions: Documenting Delays
- 10.7. Other Contractor-Subcontractor Claim Issues [Go to Page]
- 10.7.1. Severin Doctrine and Agreement Liquidation
- 10.7.2. Sponsorship of Agreements for Subcontractor Pass-Through Claims
- 10.7.3. Pay-If-Paid and Pay-When-Paid Provisions
- 10.7.4. Mechanic's Lien Remedies
- 10.7.5. Miller Act
- 10.7.6. Other Remedies Available to Unpaid Subcontractors and Suppliers
- 10.7.7. Mediation and Arbitration of Subcontractor Disputes
- 10.8. Subcontractor Licensing
- 10.9. Subcontractor-Specific Claims Publications
- 10.10. ConsensusDocs Standard Form Subcontracts
- 10.11. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 11: Pricing Construction Claims and Change Orders [Go to Page]
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.2. Forward Pricing [Go to Page]
- 11.2.1. Risk in Forward Pricing
- 11.2.2. Use of Standard Formats
- 11.2.3. Material Quantities and Prices
- 11.3. Post Pricing [Go to Page]
- 11.3.1. Cost Analysis
- 11.3.2. Actual Costs
- 11.3.3. Reasonable Costs Developed from Existing Job Data
- 11.3.4. Reasonable Cost Estimation
- 11.4. The Proposal-Request for Equitable Adjustment [Go to Page]
- 11.4.1. General Pricing Philosophy
- 11.4.2. Unit Price Contract Considerations
- 11.4.3. Pricing Elements and Details
- 11.4.4. Production Rates
- 11.5. Impact and Inefficiency Costs [Go to Page]
- 11.5.1. How Impact Costs Are Incurred
- 11.5.2. Specific, Identifiable Extra Work
- 11.5.3. Pricing Inefficiency and Loss of Productivity [Go to Page]
- Disruption
- Acceleration
- Overcrowding and Trade Stacking
- The Size of Work Crews
- Shift and/or Days and Hours Worked per Week
- 11.6. Material Costs [Go to Page]
- 11.6.1. Reasons for Material Claims
- 11.6.2. Other Costs Associated with Material Claims
- 11.6.3. Additional Material Quantities and Cost Calculation
- 11.7. Equipment Costs [Go to Page]
- 11.7.1. Additional Equipment Usage
- 11.7.2. Cost of Equipment
- 11.7.3. Industry Guides
- 11.8. Overhead and Profit [Go to Page]
- 11.8.1. Project Overhead Rates
- 11.8.2. Overhead on Large Claims
- 11.8.3. Home Office Overhead-Eichleay Formula
- 11.8.4. Profit
- 11.9. Total Cost [Go to Page]
- 11.9.1. Total Cost Method
- 11.9.2. Modified Total Cost Method
- 11.9.3. Last Resort
- 11.10. Other Elements of Claim Pricing [Go to Page]
- 11.10.1. Interest Costs
- 11.10.2. Insurance Costs
- 11.10.3. Bond Costs
- 11.10.4. Legal Fees, Change Orders, and Claim-Preparation Costs
- 11.10.5. Use of Expert Opinions
- 11.10.6. Schedule Submissions for Payment Purposes
- 11.10.7. Federal Cost Principles
- 11.11. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 12: Negotiations [Go to Page]
- 12.1. Introduction
- 12.2. The Need for Contract Negotiation
- 12.3. Determining Your Bottom Line2 [Go to Page]
- 12.3.1. Reaching Consensus
- 12.3.2. Have Claim Rights Been Properly Preserved?
- 12.3.3. Strength of Claim Presentation
- 12.3.4. Availability of Necessary Documents and Project Personnel
- 12.3.5. Ongoing Business Relationship
- 12.3.6. Recovery Risk Analysis
- 12.3.7. Erosion of Recovery
- 12.3.8. Forum for Resolution [Go to Page]
- Validity of Claim under Applicable Law
- Time of Resolution
- Willingness of Forum to Award Large Amounts
- Recoverability of Attorneys' Fees [Go to Page]
- Arbitration
- Cost-Plus Federal Contractors
- Equal Access to Justice Act
- 12.4. Preparation for Negotiations [Go to Page]
- 12.4.1. Select a Winning Negotiating Team
- 12.4.2. Develop Your Strategy
- 12.4.3. Understand the Opponent
- 12.5. Other Considerations [Go to Page]
- 12.5.1. Confidentiality
- 12.5.2. Authority
- 12.5.3. Good-Faith Conduct
- 12.5.4. Stalling and Delays
- 12.5.5. Wise Use of Leverage
- 12.5.6. Listening
- 12.6. Bargaining-Table Tactics
- 12.7. Memorializing the Deal [Go to Page]
- 12.7.1. Prepare a Term Sheet
- 12.7.2. Reserve the Right to Pursue Unresolved Claims
- 12.8. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 13: Dispute Avoidance and Alternative Dispute Resolution [Go to Page]
- 13.1. Introduction
- 13.2. Predispute ADR Methods [Go to Page]
- 13.2.1. Escrow Bid Documents
- 13.2.2. Delegation of Authority
- 13.2.3. Dispute Resolution Ladder
- 13.2.4. Geotechnical Design Summary Reports
- 13.2.5. Partnering [Go to Page]
- History of Partnering
- Elements of Success
- Obstacles to Partnering [Go to Page]
- Culture of Construction
- Past Dealings and Nature of the Parties
- Results of Partnering
- 13.3. Initial Claims and Dispute Phase [Go to Page]
- 13.3.1. Initial Decision Maker/Single Dispute
- 13.3.2. Standing or Project Neutral/On-Site Neutral
- 13.3.3. Early Neutral Evaluation
- 13.3.4. Owner/Agency Review Board
- 13.3.5. Dispute Resolution Boards [Go to Page]
- DRB Procedures
- DRB Costs
- DRB Effectiveness and Success [Go to Page]
- Quick Resolution of Disputes and Reduction of Unresolved Claims
- High Resolution Rate
- DRB Cost-Effectiveness
- International Applications
- Other Considerations of DRB Procedures
- 13.3.6. Adjudication
- 13.3.7. Mediation
- 13.3.8. Med-Arb, Med-Then-Arb, and Arb-Med
- 13.3.9. Shadow Mediation/Arb-Med
- 13.3.10. Minitrial
- 13.3.11. Summary Jury Trial
- 13.3.12. Private Judge
- 13.3.13. Arbitration
- 13.3.14. Advisory Arbitration/Fact Finding
- 13.3.15. Baseball Arbitration
- 13.3.16. Alternative Dispute Resolution before the Boards of Contract Appeals and the U.S. Court of Federal Claims
- 13.4. Alternatives during Litigation [Go to Page]
- 13.4.1. Voluntary Settlement Conference
- 13.4.2. Special Master/Settlement Judge
- 13.4.3. Court-Appointed Experts
- 13.4.4. Judge Pro Tem
- 13.5. Trial by Reference (Referee)
- 13.6. Administrative Dispute Resolution Act and the Federal ADR Experience
- 13.7. Formal Administrative and Judicial Dispute Resolution [Go to Page]
- 13.7.1. Federal Contracts
- 13.7.2. Private Contracts and State and Local Public Contracts
- 13.7.3. Mechanic's Liens
- 13.8. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 14: Termination of Construction Contracts [Go to Page]
- 14.1. Introduction
- 14.2. Termination for Default [Go to Page]
- 14.2.1. Background
- 14.2.2. The Owner's Right to Terminate for Default [Go to Page]
- The Termination Decision
- Actions to Take under a Notice of Default Termination
- Contractor Recovery for Wrongful Default Termination
- Contractor Liability for Valid Default Termination
- 14.3. Termination for Convenience [Go to Page]
- 14.3.1. Background
- 14.3.2. Owner's Right to Terminate for Convenience
- 14.3.3. Actions to Take under a Notice of Termination for Convenience
- 14.3.4. Contractor Recovery
- 14.3.5. Constructive Termination for Convenience
- 14.3.6. Termination for Convenience versus Deductive Change
- 14.4. Termination by Contractor
- 14.5. Private Clauses [Go to Page]
- 14.5.1. Termination for Cause
- 14.5.2. Suspension for Convenience
- 14.5.3. Termination by Contractor
- 14.6. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 15: Bonds and Liens [Go to Page]
- 15.1. Overview
- 15.2. Construction Bonds [Go to Page]
- 15.2.1. Performance Bonds
- 15.2.2. Labor and Materials Payment Bonds
- 15.2.3. Indemnity Bonds
- 15.2.4. Subdivision Bonds
- 15.2.5. Bid Bonds
- 15.3. Liens and Stop Notices [Go to Page]
- 15.3.1. Mechanic's Liens [Go to Page]
- Procedural Background
- Intended Claimants
- Mechanic's Lien Priority and Relation Back
- Preliminary Notice
- Contents and Timing of Mechanic's Lien Being Recorded
- Amount of Lien
- 15.3.2. Stop Notices [Go to Page]
- Private Works Projects [Go to Page]
- Information included in stop notice
- Bonded versus unbonded stop notice
- Filing deadlines
- Public Works Projects [Go to Page]
- Proper claimants
- Preliminary notice
- Deadlines
- Endnotes
- Chapter 16: Insurance Issues: Construction Claims of a Different Nature [Go to Page]
- 16.1. Introduction
- 16.2. Greatest Potential Trap
- 16.3. Common Construction-Related Insurance Policies [Go to Page]
- 16.3.1. Professional Liability Policies
- 16.3.2. Commercial General Liability Policies
- 16.3.3. Excess and Umbrella Liability Policies
- 16.3.4. Builders Risk Policies
- 16.3.5. Environmental/Pollution Policies
- 16.3.6. Workers' Compensation and Employers' Liability Policies
- 16.3.7. Wrap-Ups and Controlled Insurance Programs
- 16.3.8. Many Other Insurance Policies Potentially Involved
- 16.4. Insurance Basics [Go to Page]
- 16.4.1. Players in Insurance Procurement and Claims
- 16.4.2. Construction Contract Insurance Requirements Clauses
- 16.4.3. Contractual Liability Coverage Interfacing with Indemnity/Hold-Harmless Agreements
- 16.4.4. Additional Insured Status
- 16.4.5. Certificates of Insurance
- 16.4.6. The Claims Process [Go to Page]
- Claims Identification and Investigation and Notice to the Insurance Company
- Claims Handling by Insurance Company
- Insurance Defense
- Payment of Settlements and Judgments
- Insurance Coverage Litigation
- 16.5. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Chapter 17: Alternate Project Delivery: Claims in Design-Build, Guaranteed Maximum Price, and Other Delivery Methods [Go to Page]
- 17.1. Introduction to Changes in the Context of Alternate Project Delivery Methods
- 17.2. Changes in the Context of a GMP Contract [Go to Page]
- 17.2.1. A Different Baseline for Measuring Changes in GMP Contracts
- 17.2.2. Changes Related to Less than 100% Complete Contract Documents [Go to Page]
- Does the GMP Include a List of Exclusions or Exceptions?
- Does the GMP Include Any Assumptions or Clarifications?
- Is the Work in Question Covered by an Allowance?
- Is the Work in Question Covered by the Contingency?
- 17.2.3. Scope Changes in a GMP Context
- 17.2.4. Additional Sources of Claims and Disputes under GMP Contracts [Go to Page]
- Open Issues Related to Pre-GMP Value Engineering Proposals
- Equipment Costs
- Employee Costs
- Costs Related to Self-Performed Work
- Reimbursability Issues and Use of Contingency
- The Administration and Use of Contingency
- An Auditor Who Understands Generally Accepted Accounting Principles but Does Not Understand GMP
- Shared Savings
- 17.3. Changes in the Context of a Design-Build Contract [Go to Page]
- 17.3.1. Use of the GMP Format
- 17.3.2. A Different Baseline for Measuring Changes
- 17.3.3. The RFP and Project Requirements
- 17.3.4. Design-Build Proposal
- 17.3.5. Common Sources of Disputes and Claims on Design-Build Projects [Go to Page]
- Prescriptive Specifications or Performance Specifications
- Referenced Standards and Which Standards Apply to What
- Quality Assurance/Quality Control
- 17.4. Conclusion
- Endnotes
- Case Law Index
- Subject Index
[Go to Page]