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eLibrary >
Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction and Commissioning, 2nd Edition >
Indoor Air Quality Guide: Best Practices for Design, Construction and Commissioning, 2nd Edition, 2014
- CONTENTS
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Foreword: Why this Guide Was Written
- Message to Building Owners
- Introduction
- PART I—Summary Guidance [Go to Page]
- Overview Information for Design, Construction, and Commissioning for IAQ
- Objective 1 – Manage the Design and Construction Process to Achieve Good IAQ [Go to Page]
- Strategy 1.1 – Integrate Design Approach and Solutions
- Strategy 1.2 – Commission to Ensure that the Owner’s IAQ Requirements are Met
- Strategy 1.3 – Select HVAC Systems to Improve IAQ and Reduce the Energy Impacts of Ventilation
- Strategy 1.4 – Employ Project Scheduling and Manage Construction Activities to Facilitate Good IAQ
- Strategy 1.5 – Facilitate Effective Operation and Maintenance for IAQ
- Objective 2 – Control Moisture in Building Assemblies [Go to Page]
- Strategy 2.1 – Limit Penetration of Liquid Water into the Building Envelope
- Strategy 2.2 – Limit Condensation of Water Vapor within the Building Envelope and on Interior Surfaces
- Strategy 2.3 – Maintain Proper Building Pressurization
- Strategy 2.4 – Control Indoor Humidity
- Strategy 2.5 – Select Suitable Materials, Equipment, and Assemblies for Unavoidably Wet Areas
- Strategy 2.6 – Consider Impacts of Landscaping and Indoor Plants on Moisture and Contaminant Levels
- Objective 3 – Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants [Go to Page]
- Strategy 3.1 – Investigate Regional and Local Outdoor Air Quality
- Strategy 3.2 – Locate Outdoor Air Intakes to Minimize Introduction of Contaminants
- Strategy 3.3 – Control Entry of Radon
- Strategy 3.4 – Control Intrusion of Vapors from Subsurface Contaminants
- Strategy 3.5 – Provide Effective Track-Off Systems at Entrances
- Strategy 3.6 – Design and Build to Exclude Pests
- Objective 4 – Control Moisture and Contaminants Related to Mechanical Systems [Go to Page]
- Strategy 4.1 – Control Moisture and Dirt in Air-Handling Systems
- Strategy 4.2 – Control Moisture Associated with Piping, Plumbing Fixtures, and Ductwork
- Strategy 4.3 – Facilitate Access to HVAC Systems for Inspection, Cleaning, and Maintenance
- Strategy 4.4 – Control Legionella in Water Systems addresses the control of Legionella
- Strategy 4.5 – Consider Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation discusses the state of knowledge regarding UVGI
- Objective 5 – Limit Contaminants from Indoor Sources [Go to Page]
- Strategy 5.1 – Control Indoor Contaminant Sources through Appropriate Material Selection
- Strategy 5.2 – Employ Strategies to Limit the Impact of Emissions
- Strategy 5.3 – Minimize IAQ Impacts Associated with Cleaning and Maintenance
- Objective 6 – Capture and Exhaust Contaminants from Building Equipment and Activities [Go to Page]
- Strategy 6.1 – Properly Vent Combustion Equipment
- Strategy 6.2 – Provide Local Capture and Exhaust for Point Sources of Contaminants
- Strategy 6.3 – Design Exhaust Systems to Prevent Leakage of Exhaust Air into Occupied Spaces or Air Distribution Systems
- Strategy 6.4 – Maintain Proper Pressure Relationships Between Spaces
- Objective 7 – Reduce Contaminant Concentrations through Ventilation, Filtration, and Air Cleaning [Go to Page]
- Strategy 7.1 – Provide Appropriate Outdoor Air Quantities for Each Room or Zone
- Strategy 7.2 – Continuously Monitor and Control Outdoor Air Delivery
- Strategy 7.3 – Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to the Breathing Zone
- Strategy 7.4 – Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to Multiple Spaces
- Strategy 7.5 – Provide Particle Filtration and Gas-Phase Air Cleaning Consistent with Project IAQ Objectives
- Strategy 7.6 – Provide Comfort Conditions that Enhance Occupant Satisfaction
- Objective 8 – Apply More Advanced Ventilation Approaches [Go to Page]
- Strategy 8.1 – Use Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Where Appropriate
- Strategy 8.2 – Use Energy Recovery Ventilation Where Appropriate
- Strategy 8.3 – Use Demand-Controlled Ventilation Where Appropriate
- Strategy 8.4 – Use Natural or Mixed-Mode Ventilation Where Appropriate
- Strategy 8.5 – Use the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 IAQ Procedure Where Appropriate
- Part I References and Bibliography
- PART II—Detailed Guidance [Go to Page]
- Detailed Information for Design, Construction, and Commissioning for IAQ
- Objective 1 – Manage the Design and Construction Process to Achieve Good IAQ [Go to Page]
- Strategy 1.1 – Integrate Design Approach and Solutions [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Current Trends call for Integrated Design
- Indoor Environmental Quality is Best Served by Integrated Design
- Examples of Integrated Design Solutions [Go to Page]
- Integration of Envelope, Illumination, and Mechanical Design
- Integration of Interior Architecture with Illumination, Air Quality, and Thermal Control Strategies
- Use of Hybrid Ventilation, Occupant Control, and Daylight
- Leadership and Communication with Integrated Design
- The Importance of the Conceptual Design Phase [Go to Page]
- Laying the Groundwork for an Interactive Process
- IAQ Considerations During Conceptual Design
- IAQ Throughout the Design and Construction Phases
- References
- Strategy 1.2 – Commission to Ensure that the Owner’s IAQ Requirements are Met [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Pre-Design Phase Commissioning [Go to Page]
- Commissioning Team: Specialists Needed for IAQ Items
- Owner’s Project Requirements for IAQ
- Commissioning Scope and Budget Related to IAQ
- Special Project Schedule Needs for IAQ
- Design Phase Commissioning [Go to Page]
- IAQ Basis of Design (BoD)
- Design Review for IAQ
- Construction Process Requirements
- Construction Checklists for IAQ
- Construction Phase Commissioning [Go to Page]
- Coordination for IAQ
- Review of Submittals for IAQ
- Construction Observation/Verification for IAQ
- Functional Testing for IAQ
- Systems Manual and O&M Training for IAQ
- Occupancy and Operations
- References
- Strategy 1.3 – Select HVAC Systems to Improve IAQ and Reduce the Energy Impacts of Ventilation [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- HVAC System IAQ Design Principles [Go to Page]
- Integrated Design Considerations
- Energy Conservation and Environmental Considerations
- Mixed-Mode Ventilation
- Displacement Ventilation Systems
- Thermal Comfort Considerations
- User-Owner IEQ/IAQ Expectations
- Regional/Local and Project-Specific IAQ Issues [Go to Page]
- Building Pressurization Control
- Space Humidity Control
- Particle Filtration Control
- HVAC System Options and General IAQ Requirements [Go to Page]
- Constant Volume (CV) with or without Reheat
- Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) with Reheat
- Dual Duct Dual Fan (DDDF) Systems
- Multi-Zone Systems
- Fan-Coil (FC) Systems
- Fan-Powered Box (FPB) Systems
- Self-Contained Air-Conditioning Systems
- HVAC System Selection Procedure [Go to Page]
- Integrated Design Choice Mechanism
- HVAC System Comparison Analysis
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 1.4 – Employ Project Scheduling and Manage Construction Activities to Facilitate Good IAQ [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Building Conception [Go to Page]
- Early Planning and Organization
- Project Incentives/Goals
- Design Development [Go to Page]
- Construction Products/Materials Selection
- Equipment Access and Installation Logistics
- Phasing of Projects
- Construction Documents [Go to Page]
- IAQ Schedule Requirements
- Construction [Go to Page]
- Sequencing of Construction Activities
- Schedule Compression
- Operation of Permanent HVAC Equipment During Construction
- Inspection Access
- Post Construction [Go to Page]
- Building Flush-Out
- Retrofits and Remodels
- References
- Strategy 1.5 – Facilitate Effective Operation and Maintenance for IAQ [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Considering O&M Capabilities in System Selection
- Involving O&M Staff in Planning, Design, Construction, and Commissioning
- Providing O&M Documentation that Facilitates Delivery of the Design Intent [Go to Page]
- Owner’s Project Requirements and Basis of Design
- Record Documents
- Commissioning Report
- Operations Manual
- Training Manual
- Maintenance Manual
- Format of O&M Documentation
- Providing O&M Training to Support Delivery of the Design Intent
- Prioritizing O&M for IAQ
- References and Bibliography
- Objective 2 – Control Moisture in Building Assemblies [Go to Page]
- Strategy 2.1 – Limit Penetration of Liquid Water into the Building Envelope [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Sources of Water Penetration
- Design Features to Prevent Water Penetration [Go to Page]
- Site Drainage
- Foundation Design
- Wall Design
- Roof and Ceiling Assembly Design
- Ice Dams
- Construction
- Verification [Go to Page]
- Pen Test
- Pen Test Example: Rainwater Protection Continuity
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 2.2 – Limit Condensation of Water Vapor within the Building Envelope and on Interior Surfaces [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Designing for Airtightness [Go to Page]
- Air Barrier Design Requirements
- Air Pressures that Cause Infiltration and Exfiltration [Go to Page]
- Wind Pressure
- Stack Pressure
- HVAC Fan Pressure
- Air Barrier Systems [Go to Page]
- Continuity
- Structural Support
- Air Impermeability
- Durability
- Air Barrier System Requirements
- Air Barrier Materials
- Air Barriers Subject to Temperature Changes
- Roof Air Barriers
- Controlling Convection in Enclosure Assemblies
- Controlling Condensation due to Diffusion
- Recommendations for Building Enclosures
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 2.3 – Maintain Proper Building Pressurization [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- Climatological Requirements
- Regional and Local Outdoor Air Quality Requirements
- Approach to Building Usage and Layout
- Building Orientation and Wind Load
- Stack Effect
- Building Envelope [Go to Page]
- Planned Openings
- Unplanned Openings
- HVAC System [Go to Page]
- Airflow Considerations
- HVAC System Dehumidification Capacity
- Building Static Pressure Monitoring and Control Strategies
- Economizer Considerations
- Constant-Volume Exhaust Fan Considerations
- Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) System Considerations
- Return Air Plenums
- Duct Leakage
- Airflow Measurement
- Verification of Pressurization Control
- References
- Strategy 2.4 – Control Indoor Humidity [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Principles of Indoor Condensation [Go to Page]
- What can go wrong?
- Integrated Design Process [Go to Page]
- Indoor Conditions, Loads, and Special System Capabilities
- System Design Tips [Go to Page]
- Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAs)
- Hot Gas Reheat
- Variable-Air Volume (VAV)
- Small Packaged Systems
- Special Spaces
- Dedicated Dehumidification Systems
- Humidification [Go to Page]
- Humidification Using Energy Recovery Ventilation
- Type of Humidification System
- Location of Humidifier
- Humidity Levels
- Maintenance Specification
- Monitoring Humidity and Automatic Control
- References
- Strategy 2.5 – Select Suitable Materials, Equipment, and Assemblies for Unavoidably Wet Areas [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Indoor Areas Subject to Repeated Wetting
- Problems Associated with Wet Materials
- Materials Susceptible to Moisture Damage
- Selection of Moisture-Resistant Materials
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 2.6 – Consider Impact of Landscaping and Indoor Plants on Moisture and Contaminant Levels [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Outdoor Plantings [Go to Page]
- Green Roofs
- Green Facades and Vertical Gardens
- Indoor Plantings [Go to Page]
- Potted Plants
- Moisture Content, Water Activity, and Dampness
- References
- Objective 3 – Limit Entry of Outdoor Contaminants [Go to Page]
- Strategy 3.1 – Investigate Regional and Local Outdoor Air Quality [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Assessment [Go to Page]
- Determine Compliance with NAAQS
- Determine Whether Local Sources are Present
- NAAQS Particles [Go to Page]
- Particulate Matter — PM10
- Particulate Matter — PM2.5
- Lead
- NAAQS Gases [Go to Page]
- Ozone
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Other Pollutants [Go to Page]
- Dust
- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
- Odors
- References
- Strategy 3.2 – Locate Outdoor Air Intakes to Minimize Introduction of Contaminants [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Applicable Codes, Standards, and Other Guidance
- Exhaust Vents
- Cooling Towers, Evaporative Condensors, and Fluid Coolers
- Laboratory Fume Hood and Exhaust Stacks
- Other Sources of Contamination
- Plumbing Vents
- Wind Tunnel Modeling, Computer Simulations, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
- Special Considerations for Packaged HVAC Units
- References
- Strategy 3.3 – Control Entry of Radon [Go to Page]
- Introduction [Go to Page]
- Why Radon Control is Important
- Sources of Radon
- Action Levels and Available Radon Measurements from U.S. Buildings
- Assessment [Go to Page]
- Regional Radon Potential
- Local Radon Potential
- Other Considerations
- Controlling Radon Entry [Go to Page]
- Active Soil Depressurization (ASD)
- Sealing of Radon Entry Routes
- Building Pressurization
- Quality Assurance of Radon Control Measures [Go to Page]
- Quality Assurance Steps
- O&M Documentation and Training for Radon Control Systems
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 3.4 – Control Intrusion of Vapors from Subsurface Contaminants [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Screening and Assessment [Go to Page]
- Federal Guidance
- State Guidance
- ASTM E2600-08: A National Standard for Assessment of Vapor Intrusion in Real Estate Transactions
- ASTM Tier 1 Screeningt
- ASTM Tier 2 Screening
- ASTM Tier 3 Assessment
- Site Remediation and Institutional Controls [Go to Page]
- Site Remediation
- Institutional Controls
- Building Mitigation [Go to Page]
- Relationship to Radon Mitigation Techniques
- Advantages of Mitigation as Part of Initial Design and Construction
- Regulatory Requirements
- Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) Guidance
- Active Soil Depressurization (ASD)
- Sealing of Vapor Intrusion Routes
- Gas Vapor Barriers
- Passive Venting
- Building Pressurization
- Other Approaches
- Effect of Chemicals of Concern on Mitigation System Design
- Quality Assurance of Vapor Intrusion Mitigation Systems
- Operation, Maintenance, and Monitoring of Mitigation Systems
- Synergies and Conflicts
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 3.5 – Provide Track-Off Systems at Entrances [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Contaminants Tracked into Buildings by Occupants
- Landscaping and Building Approaches
- Track-Off Systems [Go to Page]
- Scraper Mats
- Absorption Mats
- Finishing Mats
- Maintenance
- References
- Strategy 3.6 – Design and Build to Exclude Pests [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Pest Prevention Goals and Objectives
- Pests of Concern
- Pest Entry Points
- Pest Dispersal Throughout Building
- Pest Access to Food and Water Resources
- Areas of Potential Pest Harborage
- Access for Maintenance and Pest Control Activities
- Appropriate Materials Selection for Sealing
- Supplemental Pesticide Use
- Construction Site Management
- References
- Objective 4 – Control Moisture and Contaminants Related to Mechanical Systems [Go to Page]
- Strategy 4.1 – Control Moisture and Dirt in Air-Handling Systems [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Outdoor Air Intakes and Air Inlet Areaways
- Filters and Microbial Growth in HVAC Equipment
- Water Accumulation in HVAC Drain Pans
- Moisture Carryover from Cooling Coils
- Smooth and Cleanable Surfaces
- Duct Liner
- Impact of Humidifier Moisture on Airstream Surfaces
- References
- Strategy 4.2 – Control Moisture Associated with Piping, Plumbing Fixtures, and Ductwork [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Limiting Condensation
- Limiting Leaks
- Providing a Plumbing System O&M Guide
- References
- Strategy 4.3 – Facilitate Access to HVAC Systems for Inspection, Cleaning, and Maintenance [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Access in Design Documents [Go to Page]
- Locations that Facilitate Access
- Minimum Clearance Distances
- Critical AHU Components
- Air Distribution System
- System Balancing and Monitoring Access
- Terminal Equipment
- Electrical Code Access Criteria
- Access Door/Panel/View Port Requirements
- Access During Construction [Go to Page]
- Coordination with Trades
- Review of Submittals
- Field Changes
- Monitoring Installations
- Unanticipated Access Requirements [Go to Page]
- Compliance with SMACNA HVAC Duct Construction Standards
- Repeated Access
- References
- Strategy 4.4 – Control Legionella in Water Systems [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Control of Legionella in Cooling Towers [Go to Page]
- Proper Siting (Building Siting, Mists, Building Openings)
- Operation and Maintenance
- Control of Legionella in Water Systems [Go to Page]
- Storage Temperatures in Hot Water Tanks
- Design Considerations for Potable Water Systems
- Legionella in Other Water Systems
- Emergency Disinfection of Water Systems
- Environmental Monitoring for Culturable Legionella
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 4.5 – Consider Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- UVGI in HVAC Systems
- UVGI and IAQ
- Safety with UVGI
- References
- Objective 5 – Limit Contaminants from Indoor Sources [Go to Page]
- Strategy 5.1 – Control Indoor Contaminant Sources through Appropriate Material Selection [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Contaminant Emissions: Basic Concepts [Go to Page]
- VOCs—Total vs. Target: Irritancy, Odor, and Health Impact
- Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs)
- Indoor Chemistry – Secondary Emissions
- IAQ Guidelines, Standards and Specifications
- Shades of Green – Environmentally Preferred Products
- Product Information – Composition vs Emissions
- Emissions Behavior
- Emissions Data: Available Information [Go to Page]
- Manufacturer-Supplied Information: MSDSs
- Labels: Content-Based
- Labels: Emissions-Based
- Emissions Databases
- Priority Materials/Finishes/Furnishings [Go to Page]
- Architectural Coatings
- Flooring Materials
- Composite Wood / Agrifiber Materials
- Caulks, Sealants & Adhesives
- Ceiling Tiles
- PVC Materials
- Insulation Materials
- Porous or Fleecy Materials
- Flame-Retardant materials
- Structural Materials
- HVAC components
- Office Furniture Systems
- Office Equipment
- References
- Strategy 5.2 – Employ Strategies to Limit the Impact of Emissions [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Control of Emissions through Use of VOC Barriers
- Material Conditioning and In-Place Curing
- Local Exhaust of Unavoidable Sources
- Staged Entry of Materials
- Delayed Occupancy
- Reasons to Avoid Use of Building Bake-Out
- Building Flush-Out
- Ventilation Rates and HVAC Schedules
- Indoor Environmental Conditions
- Filtration and Air Cleaning
- References
- Strategy 5.3 – Minimize IAQ Impacts Associated with Cleaning and Maintenance [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Selecting Durable Materials and Finishes that are Simple to Clean and Maintain
- Recommending Cleaning Products with Minimal Emissions
- Providing Appropriate Storage for Cleaning Products
- Recommending Cleaning Protocols that will have Minimal IAQ Impact
- References
- Objective 6 – Capture and Exhaust Contaminants from Building Equipment and Activities [Go to Page]
- Strategy 6.1 – Properly Vent Combustion Equipment [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Capture and Exhaust of Combustion Products [Go to Page]
- Chimneys (Nonmechanical, Natural Exhaust)
- Induced Draft (Powered, Negative-Pressure Exhaust)
- Forced Draft (Powered, Positive-Pressure Exhaust)
- Design and Installation
- Outdoor Air for Combustion
- Proper Operation and Maintenance of Equipment
- Commissioning
- References
- Strategy 6.2 – Provide Local Capture and Exhaust for Point Sources of Contaminants [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Capturing Contaminants as Close to the Source as Possible and Exhausting Directly to the Outdoors
- Maintaining Area in which Contaminants are Generated at a Negative Pressure Relative to Surrounding Spaces
- Enclosing Areas where Contaminants are Generated
- References
- Strategy 6.3 – Design Exhaust Systems to Prevent Leakage of Exhaust Air into Occupied Spaces or Air Distribution Systems [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Effectively Sealing Ductwork to Limit Potential for Duct Leakage
- Providing a Proper Outdoor Discharge Position and Configuration
- Maintaining Exhaust Ducts in Plenum Spaces under Negative Pressure
- References
- Strategy 6.4 – Maintain Proper Pressure Relationships Between Spaces [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Space Usage [Go to Page]
- Common Space Types
- Space Layout
- Space Envelope
- Compartmentalization HVAC System [Go to Page]
- Airflow Rate Considerations
- Airflow Monitoring and Control
- Return Air Plenums
- Duct Leakage
- Airflow Measurement
- Verification
- References
- Objective 7 – Reduce Contaminant Concentrations through Ventilation, Filtration, and Air Cleaning [Go to Page]
- Strategy 7.1 – Provide Appropriate Outdoor Air Quantities for Each Room or Zone [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Basic Theory
- From Theory to Reality
- People-Related and Space-Related Ventilation Requirements [Go to Page]
- Calculating Minimum Ventilation Rates for Each Zone Using the Ventilation Rate Procedure in ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007
- Occupancy Category
- Boundaries for Zones and Corresponding Areas
- Adjusting Outdoor Airflow Rates [Go to Page]
- Considering Increased Outdoor Airflow Rates when Outdoor Air Quality is Good
- Temporarily Decreasing Outdoor Airflow Rates
- Advanced Ventilation Design
- References
- Strategy 7.2 – Continuously Monitor and Control Outdoor Air Delivery [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Direct Measurement of Airflow [Go to Page]
- Straight Ducts
- HVAC Systems with Economizers
- Small Packaged HVAC Systems
- Placement of Airflow Sensors
- Accuracy and Calibration of Airflow Sensors
- Indirect Methods of Measuring Minimum Outdoor Airs [Go to Page]
- Plenum Pressure Control
- The CO2 or Temperature Method
- Design Issues for Commissioning , Operation, and Maintenance
- References
- Strategy 7.3 – Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to the Breathing Zone [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Zone Air Distribution Effectiveness
- The Effect of Ducted Systems on Air Delivery [Go to Page]
- Ducted
- Non-Ducted
- References
- Strategy 7.4 – Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to Multiple Spaces [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Constant Volume (CV)
- Variable-Air-Volume (VAV)
- Secondary Recirculation [Go to Page]
- Parallel Fan-Powered Box
- Series Fan-Powered Box
- Ducted vs. Plenum Return
- Transfer Fan
- Other Systems (Less Commonly Used) [Go to Page]
- Changeover Bypass VAV
- Dual Fan Dual Duct
- Induction Unit
- References
- Strategy 7.5 – Provide Particle Filtration and Gas-Phase Air Cleaning Consistent with Project IAQ Objectives [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- FAC Equipment Selection and Specification Guidance [Go to Page]
- Selection Guidance: Particulate Filters
- Selection Guidance: Gas-Phase Air Cleaners
- Air Capture and Seal
- FAC System Location
- Using the IAQ Procedure
- Design Process Protocol
- Performance Evaluation and Considerations of FAC Alternatives [Go to Page]
- Particulate Filter Efficiency Evaluation—MERV
- Gas-Phase Air Cleaner Efficiency Evaluation
- Maximizing the Value and Performance of FAC [Go to Page]
- Life-Cycle Analysis
- How to Maximize the Life Cycle and Performance of FAC
- Energetic Filters
- References
- Strategy 7.6 – Provide Comfort Conditions that Enhance Occupant Satisfaction [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Basic Thermal Comfort
- Zoning and Occupant Control
- Part-Load Humidity and Velocity Control
- Operational Strategy and Design Implicationsy
- Thermal Radiation
- Air Movement
- References and Bibliography
- Objective 8 – Apply More Advanced Ventilation Approaches [Go to Page]
- Strategy 8.1 – Use Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Where Appropriate [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Characteristics of DOASs [Go to Page]
- 100% Outdoor Air
- Latent Load Capability
- Energy Recovery
- Components of DOASs [Go to Page]
- Cooling Coils
- Total (Enthalpy) Energy Recovery
- Sensible Energy Recovery
- Passive Dehumidification Component (PDHC)
- Active Desiccant Wheel
- Air Distribution
- DOAS Combinations [Go to Page]
- Enthalpy Energy Recovery + Cooling Coil
- Enthalpy Energy Recovery + Cooling Coil + Passive Dehumidification Component
- Other DOAS Combinations
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 8.2 – Use Energy Recovery Ventilation Where Appropriate [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Types of Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Devices [Go to Page]
- Energy Recovery Wheel
- Fixed Plate with Latent Transfer
- Fixed Plate
- Heat Pipe
- Runaround Loops
- General Design Considerations [Go to Page]
- Appropriate Filtration
- Controls
- Sizing of Equipment
- Condensation
- Fouling and Corrosion
- Sensible Heat Ratio
- References and Bibliography
- Strategy 8.3 – Use Demand-Controlled Ventilation Where Appropriate [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- DCV Applications
- DCV Systems [Go to Page]
- Design Considerations
- CO2-Based DCV [Go to Page]
- Design and Other Considerations
- Code and Green Building Requirements for CO2-Based DCV
- Non-CO2-Based DCV
- DCV in Multiple-Zone Systems
- References
- Strategy 8.4 – Use Natural or Mixed-Mode Ventilation Where Appropriate [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- Natural/ Mixed-Mode/Hybrid Ventilation System [Go to Page]
- Design Principles
- Comfort Expectations
- Integrated Design
- Applications for Natural Ventilation Cooling
- Appropriate Climatic Conditions
- Appropriate Building Programming
- Mixed-Mode Ventilation [Go to Page]
- Contingency Mixed-Mode
- Zoned Mixed-Mode
- Changeover Mixed-Mode
- Concurrent Mixed-Mode
- Control of Ventilation [Go to Page]
- Automatic Integrated Control for Windows/Vents
- Complimentary Design Techniques
- Design Tools and Calculations [Go to Page]
- Manual Calculations
- Computerized Explicit Envelope Flow Models
- Cost-Benefit Analysis [Go to Page]
- Capital Costs
- References
- Strategy 8.5 – Use the ASHRAE Standard 62.1 IAQ Procedure Where Appropriate [Go to Page]
- Introduction
- History of the IAQP
- When to Use the IAQP
- Applying the IAQP [Go to Page]
- Mass Balance
- Successful Buildings
- Contaminant Air Monitoring or Testing
- Combination with VRP
- Process for Applying the IAQP [Go to Page]
- IAQP Design Process Flowchart
- Selection of Contaminants of Concern (CoC)
- Documentation
- References
- Appendix [Go to Page]
- Appendix A – Environmental Monitoring (Strategy 1.2)
- Appendix B – Understanding Vapor Barriers (Strategy 2.2)
- Appendix C – Dehumidification in Virginia (Strategy 2.4)
- Appendix D – Separation of Exhaust Outlets and Outdoor Air Intakes (Strategy 3.2)
- Appendix E – Additional Information on Radon Control (Strategy 3.3)
- Appendix F – Additional Information on Material Emissions (Strategy 5.1)
- Appendix G – Single-Path Multiple-Zone System Design (Strategy 7.4)
- Appendix H – Carbon Dioxide Generation Rates (Strategy 8.3) [Go to Page]
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