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eLibrary > ASME PTC 19.3-2024 Temperature Measurement >

ASME PTC 19.3-2024 Temperature Measurement, 2024

CONTENTS
NOTICE
FOREWORD
ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
Section 1 General [Go to Page]
1-1 OBJECT
1-2 SCOPE
1-3 DEFINITIONS
1-4 TEMPERATURE SCALES [Go to Page]
1-4.1 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
1-4.2 Units of Measurement for Temperature
1-5 SENSOR AND GAUGE TYPES
1-6 THERMOWELLS AND PROTECTION TUBES
1-7 OTHER ACCESSORIES
1-8 INSTALLATION AND PROCESS EFFECTS [Go to Page]
1-8.1 Placement Recommendations
1-8.2 Conduction Error
1-8.3 Radiation Error
1-8.4 Aerodynamic Heating Effect
1-8.5 Heat Transfer at Low Velocity
1-8.6 Heat Transfer at High Velocity
1-8.7 Gradients and Stratifications
1-8.8 Speed of Response Contributing to Dynamic Error
1-9 UNCERTAINTY [Go to Page]
1-9.1 Uncertainty Due to Random Error
1-9.2 Uncertainty Due to Systematic Error
1-10 CONCLUSIONS
1-11 REFERENCES [Go to Page]
1-11.1 Cited References
1-11.2 Additional References
Section 2 Thermocouple Temperature Measurements [Go to Page]
2-1 THERMOCOUPLES [Go to Page]
2-1.1 Scope
2-1.2 Definition
2-1.3 Principles of Operation
2-1.4 Thermocouple Construction and Terminology
2-1.5 Thermocouple Element Materials
2-1.6 Thermocouple Characteristics
2-2 THERMOCOUPLE ACCESSORIES
2-3 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
2-3.1 Sources of Error
2-3.2 Essential Considerations
2-3.3 Treatment of Data
2-4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
2-4.1 Advantages
2-4.2 Disadvantages
2-5 THERMOCOUPLE INSTRUMENTATION [Go to Page]
2-5.1 General
2-5.2 emf-Measuring Devices
2-5.3 Scanners/Multiplexers
2-5.4 Accuracy of the emf Measurement and Noise
2-5.5 Reference Junction Apparatus
Section 3 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) [Go to Page]
3-1 SCOPE
3-2 DEFINITIONS
3-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION AND SPECIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
3-3.1 RTD Accuracy Specifications
3-3.2 Specification of RTD Lead Wires
3-3.3 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance or Alpha, α
3-3.4 Platinum Resistance Element Temperature-Resistance Relationships
3-3.5 Measurement Considerations Particular to RTDs
3-4 LESS COMMONLY USED RESISTANCE ELEMENTS [Go to Page]
3-4.1 Copper Resistance Thermometer
3-4.2 Nickel Resistance Thermometer
3-4.3 Nickel–Iron Resistance Thermometer
Section 4 Principles of Operation for Filled-System Thermometers [Go to Page]
4-1 SCOPE
4-2 DEFINITIONS
4-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
4-4 CLASSIFICATION [Go to Page]
4-4.1 General Classification
4-4.2 Subclassification
4-5 DESCRIPTION [Go to Page]
4-5.1 Bulb Size
4-6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
4-6.1 Bulb Materials
4-6.2 Thermowell Materials
4-6.3 Capillary Materials
4-7 CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
4-7.1 Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
4-7.2 Range
4-7.3 Sensitivity
4-7.4 Accuracy
4-7.5 Temperature Compensation
4-7.6 Response
4-8 ACCESSORIES
4-9 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
4-9.1 Sources of Error
4-10 ESSENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS
4-11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
4-11.1 Advantages
4-11.2 Disadvantages
Section 5 Thermistor Thermometry [Go to Page]
5-1 SCOPE
5-2 DEFINITIONS
5-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5-4 CLASSIFICATION [Go to Page]
5-4.1 Description
5-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
5-6 CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
5-6.1 Temperature-Resistance Relationship
5-6.2 Interchangeability
5-6.3 Range and Accuracy
5-6.4 Precision and Sensitivity
5-6.5 Response
5-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
5-7.1 Sources of Error
5-8 INTEGRATION INTO AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
5-9 TREATMENT OF DATA
5-10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
5-10.1 Advantages
5-10.2 Disadvantages
Section 6 Calibration of Temperature Sensors [Go to Page]
6-1 SCOPE
6-2 SELECTION OF CALIBRATION VENDORS
6-3 TEMPERATURE SCALES
6-4 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE
6-5 IDEAL GAS SCALE
6-6 INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE
6-7 PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY [Go to Page]
6-7.1 General
6-7.2 ITS-90 SPRT Specifications
6-8 METHODS OF CALIBRATION [Go to Page]
6-8.1 Calibration by Fixed Points
6-8.2 Calibration by Comparison to Primary and Working Standards
6-9 CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT [Go to Page]
6-9.1 Comparators (Heat and Cold Sources Such as Dry Wells)
6-9.2 Meters
6-9.3 Computer Automation Programs
6-10 CALIBRATION OUTPUTS
6-11 CALIBRATION INTERVALS
6-12 CALIBRATION CONSIDERATIONS SPECIFIC TO SENSOR TYPE [Go to Page]
6-12.1 Thermocouples
6-12.2 RTD Calibrations and Temperature Coefficients
Figures [Go to Page]
Figure 2-1.2-1 Thermocouple Thermometer Systems
Figure 2-1.4-1 Typical Industrial Sheathed Thermocouple With Transition to Lead Wires
Figure 2-1.4-2 Hollow Tube Construction Thermocouple With Continuous Leads and Ground Wire
Figure 2-1.4-3 Ungrounded Thermocouple With No Housing or Transition
Figure 2-1.4.2-1 Laboratory Thermocouple With “T” Stem Reference Junction
Figure 2-3.2-1 Thermocouples Connected in Series
Figure 2-3.2-2 Thermocouples Connected in Parallel
Figure 2-5.5.8-1 A Zone-Box Circuit Involving Only One Reference Junction
Figure 3-2-1 Pad-Style RTD Element
Figure 3-2-2 Averaging RTD in a Duct
Figure 3-2-3 Thin-Film Element
Figure 3-2-4 Wire-Wound Element
Figure 3-3-1 Typical Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer
Figure 3-3.2-1 RTD Wire Color Code by Standard
Figure 4-2-1 Filled-System Thermometer
Figure 4-4.2.1-1 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IA, Class IIIA, or Class VA
Figure 4-4.2.1-2 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IB, Class IIIB, or Class VB
Figure 4-4.2.2-1 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIA
Figure 4-4.2.2-2 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIB
Figure 4-4.2.2-3 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIC
Figure 4-4.2.2-4 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IID
Figure 4-5.1-1 Vapor Pressure–Temperature Curves
Figure 4-7.6-1 Bulb Response Versus Bulb O.D. in Water (Velocity of 2.5 fps)
Figure 4-7.6-2 Bulb Response Rate in Air at Various Velocities
Figure 4-7.6-3 Preformed Capillary Bulb
Figure 4-10.1-1 Attachment of Thermal Systems to Vessels
Figure 5-3-1 Resistance Versus Temperature for 10-kΩ NTC Thermistor
Figure I-3.2-1 Planck’s Blackbody Radiation Distribution Function, Showing Spectral Band Used by an Automatic Optical Pyrometer at 0.65 µm
Figure I-4.1-1 Schematic Diagram of an Optical Pyrometer
Figure I-4.3-1 Schematic Optical System of Automatic Optical Pyrometers — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
Figure I-4.3-2 Electronic System Block Diagram for Automatic Optical Pyrometer — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
Figure I-4.4-1 Single Mirror Radiation Thermometer
Figure I-4.5-1 Double Mirror Radiation Thermometer
Figure I-4.6-1 Lens-Type Radiation Thermometer
Figure II-2-1 Bimetallic Thermometer
Figure I-6-1 Potentiometer Circuit
Figure II-3.1-1 Bimetallic Thermometer Bulb
Figure II-3.1-2 Nomenclature
Figure II-3.2-1 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Straight Form
Figure II-3.2-2 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Sectional View of Angle Form
Figure III-2-1 Partial, Total, and Complete Immersion Thermometer Types
Figure III-4.2-1 Straight Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut, Mounted in a Well
Figure III-4.2-2 90-deg Back Angle Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut and Union Bushing Connection
Figure III-8.1-1 Thermometer Calibrated for Total Immersion and Used for Partial Immersion
Figure III-8.1-2 Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Tables [Go to Page]
Table 1-5-1 Typical Temperature Ranges
Table 1-6-1 Factors That Influence Strength and Measurement
Table 2-1.4-1 Specification Information by Thermocouple Calibration Type
Table 2-1.4-2 Recommended Upper Temperature Limits for Protected Thermocouples by Wire Size
Table 2-1.6.1-1 Temperature emf Relationship for Base Metal and Noble Metal Thermocouples
Table 2-5.2-1 Typical Thermocouple Card Accuracy and Drift
Table 3-3.1-1 Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (U.S. Customary)
Table 3-3.1-1M Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (SI)
Table 3-3.1-2 Thin Film Versus Wire Wound Elements
Table 3-3.5.1-1 Maximum Applied Current for RTDs by Nominal Resistance
Table 4-5.1-1 Approximate Bulb-Sensitive Dimensions
Table 4-5.1-2 Comparison of Thermal Systems
Table 6-6-1 Relations for Realizing the ITS-90
Table 6-7.1-1 Subranges of ITS-90 for Platinum Resistance Thermometers
Table 6-8.1-1 Fixed Points of ITS-90
Table 6-8.2.1-1 Comparison of SPRTs Secondary Reference PRTs and Industrial RTDs
Table 6-8.2.2-1 Typical Reference Working Standards
Table 6-11-1 NIST’s GMP 11 Calibration Intervals for Temperature Sensors
Table 6-12.1.1-1 Accuracies Attainable Using Fixed Point Techniques
Table 6-12.1.1-2 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Laboratory Furnaces (Type R or Type S Standard)
Table 6-12.1.1-3 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Stirred Liquid Baths
Table 6-12.1.1-4 Tungsten–Rhenium-Type Thermocouples
Table 6-12.1.1-5 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Special Furnaces (Optical Pyrometer Standard)
Table 6-12.1.2-1 Secondary Reference Points
Table I-7.4-1 Spectral Emissivity of Materials, Smooth Surface, Unoxidized
Table I-7.4-2 Spectral Emissivity of Oxides With Smooth Surfaces
Table I-7.5.2-1 Window Corrections
Table I-7.5.4-1 Emissivity and Transmittance Corrections
Table III-5.1-1 Temperature Exposure Limits for Various Thermometer Glasses
Table III-5.2-1 Working Temperature Range for Liquids Commonly Used
MANDATORY APPENDIX I NONCONTACT THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
I-1 SCOPE
I-2 DEFINITIONS
I-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
I-4 CLASSIFICATION
I-5 CHARACTERISTICS
I-6 ACCESSORIES
I-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
I-8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
MANDATORY APPENDIX II BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
II-1 SCOPE
II-2 DEFINITIONS
II-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
II-4 CHARACTERISTICS
II-5 ACCESSORIES
II-6 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
II-7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
MANDATORY APPENDIX III LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
III-1 SCOPE
III-2 LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER TYPES AND TERMS
III-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
III-4 CLASSIFICATION
III-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
III-6 CHARACTERISTICS
III-7 ACCESSORIES
III-8 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
III-9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]

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