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ASME PTC 19.3-2024 Temperature Measurement, 2024
- CONTENTS
- NOTICE
- FOREWORD
- ASME PTC COMMITTEE ROSTER
- CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE PTC COMMITTEE
- Section 1 General [Go to Page]
- 1-1 OBJECT
- 1-2 SCOPE
- 1-3 DEFINITIONS
- 1-4 TEMPERATURE SCALES [Go to Page]
- 1-4.1 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale
- 1-4.2 Units of Measurement for Temperature
- 1-5 SENSOR AND GAUGE TYPES
- 1-6 THERMOWELLS AND PROTECTION TUBES
- 1-7 OTHER ACCESSORIES
- 1-8 INSTALLATION AND PROCESS EFFECTS [Go to Page]
- 1-8.1 Placement Recommendations
- 1-8.2 Conduction Error
- 1-8.3 Radiation Error
- 1-8.4 Aerodynamic Heating Effect
- 1-8.5 Heat Transfer at Low Velocity
- 1-8.6 Heat Transfer at High Velocity
- 1-8.7 Gradients and Stratifications
- 1-8.8 Speed of Response Contributing to Dynamic Error
- 1-9 UNCERTAINTY [Go to Page]
- 1-9.1 Uncertainty Due to Random Error
- 1-9.2 Uncertainty Due to Systematic Error
- 1-10 CONCLUSIONS
- 1-11 REFERENCES [Go to Page]
- 1-11.1 Cited References
- 1-11.2 Additional References
- Section 2 Thermocouple Temperature Measurements [Go to Page]
- 2-1 THERMOCOUPLES [Go to Page]
- 2-1.1 Scope
- 2-1.2 Definition
- 2-1.3 Principles of Operation
- 2-1.4 Thermocouple Construction and Terminology
- 2-1.5 Thermocouple Element Materials
- 2-1.6 Thermocouple Characteristics
- 2-2 THERMOCOUPLE ACCESSORIES
- 2-3 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
- 2-3.1 Sources of Error
- 2-3.2 Essential Considerations
- 2-3.3 Treatment of Data
- 2-4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
- 2-4.1 Advantages
- 2-4.2 Disadvantages
- 2-5 THERMOCOUPLE INSTRUMENTATION [Go to Page]
- 2-5.1 General
- 2-5.2 emf-Measuring Devices
- 2-5.3 Scanners/Multiplexers
- 2-5.4 Accuracy of the emf Measurement and Noise
- 2-5.5 Reference Junction Apparatus
- Section 3 Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs) [Go to Page]
- 3-1 SCOPE
- 3-2 DEFINITIONS
- 3-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION AND SPECIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
- 3-3.1 RTD Accuracy Specifications
- 3-3.2 Specification of RTD Lead Wires
- 3-3.3 Temperature Coefficient of Resistance or Alpha, α
- 3-3.4 Platinum Resistance Element Temperature-Resistance Relationships
- 3-3.5 Measurement Considerations Particular to RTDs
- 3-4 LESS COMMONLY USED RESISTANCE ELEMENTS [Go to Page]
- 3-4.1 Copper Resistance Thermometer
- 3-4.2 Nickel Resistance Thermometer
- 3-4.3 Nickel–Iron Resistance Thermometer
- Section 4 Principles of Operation for Filled-System Thermometers [Go to Page]
- 4-1 SCOPE
- 4-2 DEFINITIONS
- 4-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- 4-4 CLASSIFICATION [Go to Page]
- 4-4.1 General Classification
- 4-4.2 Subclassification
- 4-5 DESCRIPTION [Go to Page]
- 4-5.1 Bulb Size
- 4-6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION [Go to Page]
- 4-6.1 Bulb Materials
- 4-6.2 Thermowell Materials
- 4-6.3 Capillary Materials
- 4-7 CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
- 4-7.1 Maximum and Minimum Temperatures
- 4-7.2 Range
- 4-7.3 Sensitivity
- 4-7.4 Accuracy
- 4-7.5 Temperature Compensation
- 4-7.6 Response
- 4-8 ACCESSORIES
- 4-9 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
- 4-9.1 Sources of Error
- 4-10 ESSENTIAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 4-11 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
- 4-11.1 Advantages
- 4-11.2 Disadvantages
- Section 5 Thermistor Thermometry [Go to Page]
- 5-1 SCOPE
- 5-2 DEFINITIONS
- 5-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- 5-4 CLASSIFICATION [Go to Page]
- 5-4.1 Description
- 5-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
- 5-6 CHARACTERISTICS [Go to Page]
- 5-6.1 Temperature-Resistance Relationship
- 5-6.2 Interchangeability
- 5-6.3 Range and Accuracy
- 5-6.4 Precision and Sensitivity
- 5-6.5 Response
- 5-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION [Go to Page]
- 5-7.1 Sources of Error
- 5-8 INTEGRATION INTO AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
- 5-9 TREATMENT OF DATA
- 5-10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]
- 5-10.1 Advantages
- 5-10.2 Disadvantages
- Section 6 Calibration of Temperature Sensors [Go to Page]
- 6-1 SCOPE
- 6-2 SELECTION OF CALIBRATION VENDORS
- 6-3 TEMPERATURE SCALES
- 6-4 THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE SCALE
- 6-5 IDEAL GAS SCALE
- 6-6 INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE
- 6-7 PLATINUM RESISTANCE THERMOMETRY [Go to Page]
- 6-7.1 General
- 6-7.2 ITS-90 SPRT Specifications
- 6-8 METHODS OF CALIBRATION [Go to Page]
- 6-8.1 Calibration by Fixed Points
- 6-8.2 Calibration by Comparison to Primary and Working Standards
- 6-9 CALIBRATION EQUIPMENT [Go to Page]
- 6-9.1 Comparators (Heat and Cold Sources Such as Dry Wells)
- 6-9.2 Meters
- 6-9.3 Computer Automation Programs
- 6-10 CALIBRATION OUTPUTS
- 6-11 CALIBRATION INTERVALS
- 6-12 CALIBRATION CONSIDERATIONS SPECIFIC TO SENSOR TYPE [Go to Page]
- 6-12.1 Thermocouples
- 6-12.2 RTD Calibrations and Temperature Coefficients
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 2-1.2-1 Thermocouple Thermometer Systems
- Figure 2-1.4-1 Typical Industrial Sheathed Thermocouple With Transition to Lead Wires
- Figure 2-1.4-2 Hollow Tube Construction Thermocouple With Continuous Leads and Ground Wire
- Figure 2-1.4-3 Ungrounded Thermocouple With No Housing or Transition
- Figure 2-1.4.2-1 Laboratory Thermocouple With “T” Stem Reference Junction
- Figure 2-3.2-1 Thermocouples Connected in Series
- Figure 2-3.2-2 Thermocouples Connected in Parallel
- Figure 2-5.5.8-1 A Zone-Box Circuit Involving Only One Reference Junction
- Figure 3-2-1 Pad-Style RTD Element
- Figure 3-2-2 Averaging RTD in a Duct
- Figure 3-2-3 Thin-Film Element
- Figure 3-2-4 Wire-Wound Element
- Figure 3-3-1 Typical Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer
- Figure 3-3.2-1 RTD Wire Color Code by Standard
- Figure 4-2-1 Filled-System Thermometer
- Figure 4-4.2.1-1 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IA, Class IIIA, or Class VA
- Figure 4-4.2.1-2 Fully Compensated Liquid, Mercury, or Gas-Filled Thermal System — Class IB, Class IIIB, or Class VB
- Figure 4-4.2.2-1 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIA
- Figure 4-4.2.2-2 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIB
- Figure 4-4.2.2-3 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IIC
- Figure 4-4.2.2-4 Vapor Pressure Thermal System — Class IID
- Figure 4-5.1-1 Vapor Pressure–Temperature Curves
- Figure 4-7.6-1 Bulb Response Versus Bulb O.D. in Water (Velocity of 2.5 fps)
- Figure 4-7.6-2 Bulb Response Rate in Air at Various Velocities
- Figure 4-7.6-3 Preformed Capillary Bulb
- Figure 4-10.1-1 Attachment of Thermal Systems to Vessels
- Figure 5-3-1 Resistance Versus Temperature for 10-kΩ NTC Thermistor
- Figure I-3.2-1 Planck’s Blackbody Radiation Distribution Function, Showing Spectral Band Used by an Automatic Optical Pyrometer at 0.65 µm
- Figure I-4.1-1 Schematic Diagram of an Optical Pyrometer
- Figure I-4.3-1 Schematic Optical System of Automatic Optical Pyrometers — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
- Figure I-4.3-2 Electronic System Block Diagram for Automatic Optical Pyrometer — Variable Radiance Comparison-Lamp Type
- Figure I-4.4-1 Single Mirror Radiation Thermometer
- Figure I-4.5-1 Double Mirror Radiation Thermometer
- Figure I-4.6-1 Lens-Type Radiation Thermometer
- Figure II-2-1 Bimetallic Thermometer
- Figure I-6-1 Potentiometer Circuit
- Figure II-3.1-1 Bimetallic Thermometer Bulb
- Figure II-3.1-2 Nomenclature
- Figure II-3.2-1 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Straight Form
- Figure II-3.2-2 Industrial Bimetallic Thermometer: Sectional View of Angle Form
- Figure III-2-1 Partial, Total, and Complete Immersion Thermometer Types
- Figure III-4.2-1 Straight Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut, Mounted in a Well
- Figure III-4.2-2 90-deg Back Angle Industrial Thermometer With Swivel Nut and Union Bushing Connection
- Figure III-8.1-1 Thermometer Calibrated for Total Immersion and Used for Partial Immersion
- Figure III-8.1-2 Emergent Stem Corrections for Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1-5-1 Typical Temperature Ranges
- Table 1-6-1 Factors That Influence Strength and Measurement
- Table 2-1.4-1 Specification Information by Thermocouple Calibration Type
- Table 2-1.4-2 Recommended Upper Temperature Limits for Protected Thermocouples by Wire Size
- Table 2-1.6.1-1 Temperature emf Relationship for Base Metal and Noble Metal Thermocouples
- Table 2-5.2-1 Typical Thermocouple Card Accuracy and Drift
- Table 3-3.1-1 Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (U.S. Customary)
- Table 3-3.1-1M Industrial RTD Tolerance Specification Table (SI)
- Table 3-3.1-2 Thin Film Versus Wire Wound Elements
- Table 3-3.5.1-1 Maximum Applied Current for RTDs by Nominal Resistance
- Table 4-5.1-1 Approximate Bulb-Sensitive Dimensions
- Table 4-5.1-2 Comparison of Thermal Systems
- Table 6-6-1 Relations for Realizing the ITS-90
- Table 6-7.1-1 Subranges of ITS-90 for Platinum Resistance Thermometers
- Table 6-8.1-1 Fixed Points of ITS-90
- Table 6-8.2.1-1 Comparison of SPRTs Secondary Reference PRTs and Industrial RTDs
- Table 6-8.2.2-1 Typical Reference Working Standards
- Table 6-11-1 NIST’s GMP 11 Calibration Intervals for Temperature Sensors
- Table 6-12.1.1-1 Accuracies Attainable Using Fixed Point Techniques
- Table 6-12.1.1-2 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Laboratory Furnaces (Type R or Type S Standard)
- Table 6-12.1.1-3 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Stirred Liquid Baths
- Table 6-12.1.1-4 Tungsten–Rhenium-Type Thermocouples
- Table 6-12.1.1-5 Accuracies Attainable Using Comparison Techniques in Special Furnaces (Optical Pyrometer Standard)
- Table 6-12.1.2-1 Secondary Reference Points
- Table I-7.4-1 Spectral Emissivity of Materials, Smooth Surface, Unoxidized
- Table I-7.4-2 Spectral Emissivity of Oxides With Smooth Surfaces
- Table I-7.5.2-1 Window Corrections
- Table I-7.5.4-1 Emissivity and Transmittance Corrections
- Table III-5.1-1 Temperature Exposure Limits for Various Thermometer Glasses
- Table III-5.2-1 Working Temperature Range for Liquids Commonly Used
- MANDATORY APPENDIX I NONCONTACT THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
- I-1 SCOPE
- I-2 DEFINITIONS
- I-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- I-4 CLASSIFICATION
- I-5 CHARACTERISTICS
- I-6 ACCESSORIES
- I-7 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
- I-8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- MANDATORY APPENDIX II BIMETALLIC THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
- II-1 SCOPE
- II-2 DEFINITIONS
- II-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- II-4 CHARACTERISTICS
- II-5 ACCESSORIES
- II-6 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
- II-7 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
- MANDATORY APPENDIX III LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS [Go to Page]
- III-1 SCOPE
- III-2 LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETER TYPES AND TERMS
- III-3 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- III-4 CLASSIFICATION
- III-5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
- III-6 CHARACTERISTICS
- III-7 ACCESSORIES
- III-8 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION
- III-9 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES [Go to Page]