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AWWA Manual M80 Biological Drinking Water Treatment, 2025
- Figure 1-1 Streptomyces sp. colonies on Czapek-Dox agar showing fuzzy aerial mycelium and spores [Go to Page]
- Figure 1-2 Example colonies grown on selective media
- Figure 1-3 Spore chains of Streptomyces sp. at 1,000× magnification
- Figure 2-1 Photomicrographs of Leptothrix ochracea from iron-rich water samples. (A) Note the straight tubular nature of the Fe-oxide encrusted sheaths with varying amounts of iron encrustation; (B) light micrograph showing Fe-oxide encrusted sheaths/fila
- Figure 2-2 Filaments of Sphaerotilus natans
- Figure 2-3 �Two views of Gallionella ferruginea stalks from iron-rich water samples. The cells grow at
the terminal ends of the stalks leaving behind twisted or helical-shaped stalks of iron oxide.
(A) Phase contrast; (B) note the bean-shaped cells at t
- Figure 2-4 �Siderocapsa-like organisms produce a distinctive capsule of iron oxides around the cell.
(A) A phase contrast image of a cell inside its capsule, denoted by arrow; (B) identical image stained with the DNA stain SYTO 13 revealing cell fluoresc
- Figure 2-5 �(A) Mixed filamentous microflora (Leptothrix spp. and probably Crenothrix spp.) with mineral matrix of predominantly Mn(II) oxides; light microscopy. (B) Filamentous microflora (mostly Leptothrix spp.) with Fe(III)-oxihydroxide matrix
- Figure 2-6 �Pump discharge components clogged by iron biofouling, eastern West Virginia
- Figure 2-7 �Iron biofouled (iron-oxidizing plus Fe sulfide) well pump and column pipe, northern Ohio
- Figure 2-8 �Well pump with clogged impeller channels and intake
- Figure 2-9 �Clean versus clogged impellers
- Figure 3-1 Sulfur cycle as influenced by microbiological activities. This cycle depicts transformations in the sulfur cycle by six major groups:
- Figure 3-2 Thiothrix sp., an example of SOM (The letters “B”, “So” and the arrows will be removed. Scale should remain.)
- Figure 3-3 Basic forms of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of a steel coupon.
- Figure 4-1 Electron micrograph showing cross section of a nitrifying bacterium
- Figure 4-2 Water quality parameters during a 1985 nitrification episode at Garvey Reservoir, Los Angeles County, Calif.
- Figure 5-1 Roundworms (phylum Nematoda)
- Figure 5-2 Nematode, 60X
- Figure 6-1 Two-winged flies (order Diptera) (See diagrams A, B, C, D, and E)
- Figure 6-2 Pharate adult of a chironomid (Insecta, Chironomidae): (a) Ventral view, 1:20; (b) Head,
ventral view, 1:70; (c) Head, dorsal view, 1:7
- Figure 6-3 Parthenogenetically formed eggs in abdomen of a chironomid pharate adult pupa (Insecta, Chironomidae), ventral view, 70×
- Figure 6-4 Linear regression of the logarithm10 of the midge fly larvae concentration in water flushed from mains with the concentration of (total or dissolved) organic carbon in finished water; based on a 1993–1995 survey in the Netherlands.
- Figure 7-1 �Daphnia sp., water flea
- Figure 7-2 �Bosmina sp.
- Figure 7-3 Cyclops sp.
- Figure 7-4 Crustaceans (See diagrams A, C, E, and H)
- Figure 7-5 Asellus aquaticus, dorsal view, 1:5
- Figure 7-6 The amphipod Hyallela azteca (1.0 cm) isolated from a point-of-use filter
- Figure 7-7 Crustaceans (See diagrams E, F)
- Figure 7-8 Ostracod
- Figure 7-9 Calanoid copepod
- Figure 8-1 Keratella sp.
- Figure 8-2 Rotifers (phylum Rotifera)
- Figure 8-3 Kellicottia longispina
- Figure 8-4 Bdelloid rotifer. A single organism is shown in expanded and contracted aspects of locomotion.
- Figure 8-5 Polyarthra
- Figure 8-6 Ploimate rotifer
- Figure 9-2 �Stages of dreissenid mussel early development. (A) D-shaped veliger with velum extended;
(B) Pediveliger with ciliated velum extended; and (C) Late pediveliger or plantigrade stage with velum transformed into the foot
- Figure 9-3 �Adult bivalve mussels. (A) Zebra mussel showing byssal threads used for attachment;
(B) Quagga mussel with influent siphon extended; and (C) Golden mussel
- Figure 9-4 �Detection of quagga mussel veligers by light microscopy with (A) normal illumination and (B) crosspolarized illumination. (C) Veligers display the characteristic cross pattern under polarized illumination irrespective of their size.
- Figure 9-5 �Quagga mussels encrusting (A) the inside of a large diameter raw water conveyance pipe and (B) a trash rack at a pumping plant intake
- Figure 10-1 Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryotes). Lyngbya (Plectonema) wollei 400×
- Figure 10-2 �Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryotes). Planktothrix perornata, MIB producer, Lake Skinner, Calif.
- Figure 10-3 Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryotes). Dolichospermum sp.
- Figure 10-4 Cyanobacteria (Cyanoprokaryotes). Odorous Pseudanabaena sp.
- Figure 10-5 Chlorophyta Stigeoclonium sp., 400×
- Figure 10-6 Chlorophyta Klebsormidium sp. Growth on walls of settled pulsator
- Figure 10-7 Chrysophyceae Dinobryon bavaricum, 400×
- Figure 10-8 Synurophyceae Mallomonas sp., 400×
- Figure 10-9 Xanthophyta (Eustigmatophyceae). Chlorobotrys sp.
- Figure 10-10 �Bacillariophyta. Examples shown with respective ecological microhabitats: planktonic (Asterionella, Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Melosira, Cyclotella); tychoplanktonic (Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Tabellaria); aerophilic (Luticola, Navicula cincta,
- Figure 10-11 Xanthophyta (Xanthophyceae). Tribonema sp., 400×
- Figure 10-12 Xanthophyta (Raphidophyceae). Gonyostomum semen
- Figure 10-13 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellata). Ceratium hirundinella, 400×
- Figure 10-14 Euglenophyta (Euglenoids). Eulgena sp. Surface bloom in an N.C. reservoir
- Figure 10-15 Euglenophyta (Euglenoids). Phacus longicauda, 400×
- Figure 10-16 Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads). Cryptomonas sp., 1,000×
- Figure 10-17 �Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta). Chrysochromulina (Prymnesium) sp. Lugol’s preserved unknown species isolated from N.C.
- Figure 10-18 �Haptophyta (Prymnesiophyta). Chrysochromulina (tentatively identified as C. breviturrita by Olvid Moestrup), unpreserved specimen
- Figure 10-19 Rhodophyta. Batrachospermum sp., 100×
- Figure 11-1 Image of a trophozoite amoeba with prominent pseudopods extending outward on the lower right and a large contractile vacuole at the top left side of the organism
- Figure 11-2 An image of Vermamoeba vermiformis in a culture of E. coli. DIC, 1,000×
- Figure 11-3 �Image of Acanthamoeba spp. (A) trophozoite form under favorable conditions and
(B) dormant cyst form resistant to harsh conditions
- Figure 11-4 Protozoa. Ciliate, Vorticella, unstained, bright-field microscopy, 120×
- Figure 11-5 Protozoa. Free Ciliate, 200×
- Figure 11-6 Protozoa. Stalked Ciliate, 200×
- Figure 11-7 �Images of Euglena spp. (A) showing several chloroplasts (green structures), stigma
(red eye spot), and (B) several cylindrical shaped paramylon bodies
- Figure 12-1 Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum
- Figure 12-2 Hydrilla infestation, Boulware Springs, Fla.
- Figure 12-3 Brazilian waterweed, Egeria densa
- Figure 12-4 Decontamination station at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nev.
- Table 1-1 Common methods used for the isolation and identification of actinomycetes
- Table 1-2 Major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by streptomycete species
- Table 3-1 Common forms of sulfur found in aquatic environments
- Table 3-2 Common groups of sulfur-related bacteria and associated products
- Table 3-3 Evaluation of treatment success based on reduction of the size of the biofouling populations
- Table 3-4 Stages in the development of an effective treatment for sulfur-related bacteria infestations
- Table 7-1 Selected crustaceans with potential drinking water significance
- Table 9-1 Environmental tolerances of invasive mussels
- Table 9-2 Typical disinfectant concentrations used for control of invasive mussels
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence, and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae
- Table 10-2 UCMR4 Results Summary
- Table 11-1 Selected Free-Living Protozoa with Potential Drinking Water Significance
- Table 11-2 Survival of bacteria in various Tetrahymena spp.
- Table A-1 Troubleshooting guide by symptom
- Table 1-1 Common methods used for the isolation and identification of actinomycetes
- Table 1-2 Major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by streptomycete species
- Table 3-1 Common forms of sulfur found in aquatic environments
- Table 3-2 Common groups of sulfur-related bacteria and associated products
- Table 3-3 Evaluation of treatment success based on reduction of the size of the biofouling populations
- Table 3-4 Stages in the development of an effective treatment for sulfur-related bacteria infestations
- Table 7-1 Selected crustaceans with potential drinking water significance
- Table 9-1 Environmental tolerances of invasive mussels
- Table 9-2 Typical disinfectant concentrations used for control of invasive mussels
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence, and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae (Continued)
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae (Continued)
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae (Continued)
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae (Continued)
- Table 10-1 Description, Occurrence and Significance of 12 Major Groups of Algae (Continued)
- Table 10-2 UCMR4 Results Summary
- Table 11-1 Selected Free-Living Protozoa with Potential Drinking Water Significance
- Table 11-2 Survival of bacteria in various Tetrahymena spp.
- Table A-1 Troubleshooting guide by symptom
- Table A-1 Troubleshooting guide by symptom (Continued)
- Table A-1 Troubleshooting guide by symptom (Continued)
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1
- Actinomycetes
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 2
- Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 3
- Sulfur-Related Bacteria
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 4
- Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
- Introduction
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES—PREVENTION AND RESPONSE
- DISCLAIMER
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 5
- Nematodes
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 6
- Bloodworms or Midges (Chironomid Larvae)
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 7
- Crustacea
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 8
- Rotifers
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- REPRODUCTION
- IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 9
- Invasive Mussels
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 10
- Algae and Cyanobacteria
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 11
- Free-living Protozoa
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOLOGY & ECOLOGY
- IDENTIFICATION
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIERS
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- DISCLAIMER
- ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
- REFERENCES
- Chapter 12
- Invasive Aquatic Plant Species
- BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
- SIGNIFICANCE FOR WATER SUPPLIES
- CONTROL STRATEGIES
- EARLY DETECTION/MONITORING
- RAPID RESPONSE
- CONTROL/ERADICATION
- REFERENCES
- Abbreviations
- Glossary [Go to Page]