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eLibrary >
16/30337130 DC BS EN 60076-57-15. Power transformers. Part 57-15. Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators >
16/30337130 DC BS EN 60076-57-15. Power transformers. Part 57-15. Standard requirements, terminology, and test code for step-voltage regulators, 2016
- 14_872e_CD.pdf [Go to Page]
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions [Go to Page]
- 3.4
- 3.10
- intrinsic polarity
- 3.11
- line-drop compensation
- 3.12
- liquid
- 4 Service conditions [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Usual service conditions [Go to Page]
- 4.1.1 General
- 4.1.2 Temperature [Go to Page]
- 4.1.2.1 Cooling air temperature limit
- 4.1.2.2 Liquid temperature limit
- 4.1.2.3 Cooling water temperature limit
- 4.1.3 Altitude
- 4.1.4 Supply voltage
- 4.1.5 Load current
- 4.1.6 Outdoor operation
- 4.1.7 Tank or enclosure finish
- 4.2 Loading at other than rated conditions
- 4.3 Unusual service conditions [Go to Page]
- 4.3.1 Unusual temperature and altitude conditions
- 4.3.2 Insulation at high altitude [Go to Page]
- 4.3.2.1 Insulation level
- 4.3.2.2 Bushings
- 4.3.3 Other unusual service conditions [Go to Page]
- 4.3.3.1 Control
- 5 Rating Data [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Cooling classes of voltage regulators [Go to Page]
- 5.1.1 Liquid-immersed (fire point ( 300 C) air-cooled
- 5.1.2 Liquid-immersed (fire point > 300 C) air-cooled
- 5.1.3 Liquid-immersed (fire point ( 300 C) water-cooled
- 5.1.4 Liquid-immersed (fire point > 300 C) water-cooled
- 5.2 Ratings [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 Terms in which rating is expressed
- 5.2.2 Preferred ratings
- 5.2.3 Supplementary voltage ratings
- 5.3 Supplementary continuous-current ratings [Go to Page]
- 5.3.1 Preferred optional forced-air ratings
- 5.4 Taps
- 5.5 Voltage supply ratios
- 5.6 Insulation levels
- 5.7 Losses [Go to Page]
- 5.7.1 Total loss
- 5.7.2 Tolerance for losses
- 5.7.3 Determination of losses and excitation current
- 5.8 Short-circuit requirements [Go to Page]
- 5.8.1 General
- 5.8.2 Mechanical capability demonstration
- 5.8.3 Thermal capability of voltage regulators for short-circuit conditions
- 5.9 Sound levels for liquid-immersed voltage regulators
- 5.10 Tests [Go to Page]
- 5.10.1 Routine tests
- 5.10.2 Design tests [Go to Page]
- 5.10.2.1 Temperature-rise test
- 5.10.2.2 Lightning impulse test
- 5.10.2.3 Short-circuit test
- 5.10.2.4 Sound level test
- 5.10.2.5 Enclosure integrity test
- 6 Construction [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Bushings
- 6.2 External dielectric clearances
- 6.3 Terminal markings [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Terminal markings for step-voltage regulators
- 6.4 Diagram of connections
- 6.5 Nameplates
- 6.6 Tank construction [Go to Page]
- 6.6.1 Pressure-relief valve
- 6.6.2 Cover assembly
- 6.6.3 Sudden pressure relay
- 6.6.4 Lifting lugs
- 6.6.5 Support lugs
- 6.6.6 Moving facilities
- 6.6.7 Tank grounding provisions [Go to Page]
- 6.6.7.1 Maximum continuous rating less than 300 A
- 6.6.7.2 Maximum continuous rating 300 A or greater
- 6.7 Components and accessories [Go to Page]
- 6.7.1 Components for full automatic control and operation
- 6.7.2 Accessories for single-phase step-voltage regulators
- 6.7.3 Accessories for three-phase step-voltage regulators
- 7 Other requirements [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Other supplementary continuous-current ratings
- 7.2 Other components and accessories [Go to Page]
- 7.2.1 For single- and three-phase voltage regulators
- 7.2.2 In addition for three-phase voltage regulators
- a) Hand operation crank for on-load tap-changer
- b) On-load tap-changer in compartment separate from the core and coil
- 8 Test code [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Resistance measurements [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1 Determination of cold temperature [Go to Page]
- 8.1.1.1 General
- 8.1.1.2 Voltage regulator windings immersed in insulating liquid
- 8.1.1.3 Voltage regulator windings out of insulating liquid
- 8.1.2 Conversion of resistance measurements
- 8.1.3 Resistance measurement methods [Go to Page]
- 8.1.3.1 Voltmeter-ammeter method
- 8.1.3.2 Bridge method
- 8.2 Polarity test [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 Polarity by inductive kick
- 8.2.2 Polarity by ratio meter
- 8.3 Ratio tests [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1 General [Go to Page]
- 8.3.1.1 Taps
- 8.3.1.2 Voltage and frequency
- 8.3.1.3 Three-phase voltage regulators
- 8.3.2 Tolerance for ratio
- 8.3.3 Ratio test methods [Go to Page]
- 8.3.3.1 Voltmeter method
- 8.3.3.2 Comparison method
- 8.3.3.3 Ratio meter
- 8.4 No-load loss and excitation current [Go to Page]
- 8.4.1 General
- 8.4.2 No-load loss test [Go to Page]
- 8.4.2.1 Connection diagrams
- 8.4.2.2 Energized windings
- 8.4.2.3 Voltage and frequency
- 8.4.3 Waveform correction of no-load loss
- 8.4.4 Test methods for three-phase voltage regulators
- 8.4.5 Determination of excitation (no-load) current
- 8.4.6 Measurements
- 8.4.7 Correction of loss measurement due to metering phase-angle errors
- 8.5 Load loss and impedance voltage [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Factors affecting the values of load loss and impedance voltage [Go to Page]
- 8.5.2.1 Design
- 8.5.2.2 Process
- 8.5.2.3 Temperature
- 8.5.3 Tests for measuring load loss and impedance voltage [Go to Page]
- 8.5.3.1 Preparation
- 8.5.3.2 Load loss and impedance test of a single-phase voltage regulator
- 8.5.3.3 Impedance test of a three-phase voltage regulator [Go to Page]
- 8.5.3.3.1 Measurement connections
- 8.5.4 Calculation of load loss and impedance voltage from test data [Go to Page]
- 8.5.4.1 Temperature correction of load loss
- 8.5.4.2 Impedance voltage [Go to Page]
- 8.5.4.2.1 Tolerance for impedance
- 8.6 Dielectric tests [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1 General [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1.1 Factory dielectric tests
- 8.6.1.2 Test requirements
- 8.6.1.3 Measurement of test voltages
- 8.6.1.4 Dielectric tests in the field
- 8.6.1.5 Factory dielectric tests and conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1.5.1 Test sequence
- 8.6.1.5.2 Temperature
- 8.6.1.5.3 Assembly
- 8.6.2 Design lightning impulse test procedures [Go to Page]
- 8.6.2.1 General [Go to Page]
- 8.6.2.1.1 Reduced full-wave test
- 8.6.2.1.2 Full-wave test
- 8.6.2.1.3 Chopped-wave test
- 8.6.2.1.4 Wave polarity
- 8.6.2.1.5 Impulse oscillograms
- 8.6.2.2 Connections and tap positions for impulse tests of line terminals [Go to Page]
- 8.6.2.2.1 Terminals not being tested
- 8.6.2.2.2 Protective devices as an integral part of the voltage regulator
- 8.6.2.2.3 Current transformer grounding
- 8.6.2.2.4 Core and tank grounding
- 8.6.2.2.5 Grounding of voltage transformers and utility windings
- 8.6.2.3 Impulse tests on voltage regulator neutrals
- 8.6.2.4 Detection of failure during impulse test [Go to Page]
- 8.6.2.4.1 Ground current oscillograms
- 8.6.2.4.2 Other methods of failure detection
- 8.6.3 Routine lightning impulse test procedures [Go to Page]
- 8.6.3.1 Connections and tap positions for impulse tests of line terminals
- 8.6.3.2 Procedure [Go to Page]
- 8.6.3.2.1 Method 1
- 8.6.3.2.2 Method 2
- 8.6.3.2.3 Failure Detection
- 8.6.3.3 Terminals not being tested
- 8.6.4 Low-frequency tests
- 8.6.5 Applied-voltage tests [Go to Page]
- 8.6.5.1 Duration, frequency, and connections
- 8.6.5.2 Tap connections
- 8.6.5.3 Relief gap
- 8.6.5.4 Application of test voltage
- 8.6.5.5 Failure detection
- 8.6.6 Induced-voltage tests [Go to Page]
- 8.6.6.1 Test value and duration
- 8.6.6.2 Tap connection
- 8.6.6.3 Test frequency
- 8.6.6.4 Application of voltage
- 8.6.6.5 Need for additional induced-voltage test
- 8.6.6.6 Grounded windings
- 8.6.6.7 Single-phase testing of three-phase voltage regulators
- 8.6.6.8 Failure detection
- 8.6.7 Insulation power factor tests [Go to Page]
- 8.6.7.1 Preparation for tests
- 8.6.7.2 Tap connection
- 8.6.7.3 Instrumentation
- 8.6.7.4 Voltage to be applied
- 8.6.7.5 Procedure
- 8.6.8 Insulation resistance tests [Go to Page]
- 8.6.8.1 Preparation for tests
- 8.6.8.2 Tap connection
- 8.6.8.3 Instrumentation
- 8.6.8.4 Voltage to be applied
- 8.6.8.5 Procedure
- 8.7 Temperature-rise tests [Go to Page]
- 8.7.1 Test methods
- 1) The loading back (opposition) method, in which rated voltage and current are induced in the voltage regulator under test
- 2) The short-circuit method, in which the appropriate total loss is produced by the effect of short-circuit current. [Go to Page]
- 8.7.1.1 Actual loading
- 8.7.1.2 Simulated loading [Go to Page]
- 8.7.1.2.1 Loading back method
- 8.7.1.2.2 Short-circuit method
- 8.7.2 Resistance measurements [Go to Page]
- 8.7.2.1 Cold-resistance measurements
- 8.7.2.2 Hot-resistance measurements
- 8.7.3 Temperature measurements [Go to Page]
- 8.7.3.1 Ambient temperature measurement [Go to Page]
- 8.7.3.1.1 Air-cooled voltage regulators
- 8.7.3.1.2 Water-cooled voltage regulators
- 8.7.3.2 Liquid temperature-rise determination
- 8.7.3.3 Average winding temperature-rise determination
- 8.7.3.4 Other temperature measurements
- 8.7.4 Correction of temperature-rise test results [Go to Page]
- 8.7.4.1 Correction for differences between winding rated current and test current
- 8.7.4.2 Correction of liquid temperature-rise for differences in required total loss and actual loss
- 8.7.4.3 Correction of liquid temperature-rise for differences in altitude
- 8.8 Short-circuit test [Go to Page]
- 8.8.1 General
- 8.8.2 Test connections [Go to Page]
- 8.8.2.1 Fault location
- 8.8.2.2 Fault type
- 8.8.2.3 Tap connection for test
- 8.8.3 Test requirements [Go to Page]
- 8.8.3.1 Symmetrical current requirements
- 8.8.3.2 Asymmetrical current requirements
- 8.8.3.3 Number of tests
- 8.8.3.4 Duration of tests
- 8.8.4 Test procedure [Go to Page]
- 8.8.4.1 Fault application
- 8.8.4.2 Calibration tests
- 8.8.4.3 Terminal voltage limits
- 8.8.4.4 Temperature limits
- 8.8.4.5 Current measurements
- 8.8.4.6 Tolerances on required currents
- 8.8.4.7 On-load tap-changer operation
- 8.8.5 Proof of satisfactory performance [Go to Page]
- 8.8.5.1 Visual Inspection
- 8.8.5.2 Dielectric tests
- 8.8.5.3 Wave shape of terminal voltage and current
- 8.8.5.4 Leakage impedance
- 8.8.5.5 Excitation current
- 8.8.5.6 Other diagnostic measurements
- 8.9 Determination of sound level [Go to Page]
- 8.9.1 General [Go to Page]
- 8.9.1.1 Introduction
- 8.9.1.2 Applicability
- 8.9.2 Instrumentation [Go to Page]
- 8.9.2.1 Sound level meter
- 8.9.2.2 Wind screen
- 8.9.2.3 Calibration
- 8.9.3 Test conditions [Go to Page]
- 8.9.3.1 Test environment
- 8.9.3.2 Voltage regulator location
- 8.9.3.3 Determination of total sound level of a voltage regulator [Go to Page]
- 8.9.3.3.1 No-load (excitation) sound level
- 8.9.3.3.2 Load current sound level
- 8.9.4 Microphone positions [Go to Page]
- 8.9.4.1 Reference sound-producing surface
- 8.9.4.2 First measurement position
- 8.9.4.3 Number of microphone locations
- 8.9.4.4 Height of microphone locations
- 8.9.5 Sound level measurements [Go to Page]
- 8.9.5.1 A-weighted sound pressure level measurements
- 8.9.5.2 Sound pressure level measurements using the sound pressure method [Go to Page]
- 8.9.5.2.1 Measuring ambient sound pressure level
- 8.9.5.2.2 Correction for ambient sound
- 8.9.5.2.3 Wall sound reflection correction “K”
- 8.9.5.2.4 Near-field correction
- 8.9.5.3 Sound pressure level measurements using the sound intensity method [Go to Page]
- 8.9.5.3.1 Environmental correction
- 8.9.6 Determination of sound level of a voltage regulator [Go to Page]
- 8.9.6.1 Average sound pressure level (Lp)
- 8.9.6.2 Determination of total sound pressure level of a voltage regulator [Go to Page]
- 8.9.6.2.1 Addition of no-load (excitation) and load current sound levels
- 8.9.6.2.2 Determination of total sound pressure level of a voltage regulator at different loading conditions
- 8.9.6.3 Sound power level calculation(Lw)
- 8.9.7 Presentation of results
- 8.10 Enclosure integrity test [Go to Page]
- 8.10.1 Enclosure integrity [Go to Page]
- 8.10.1.1 Static pressure
- 8.10.1.2 Dynamic pressure
- 8.10.2 Design test for fault current capability of voltage regulators. [Go to Page]
- 8.10.2.1 Objective
- 8.10.2.2 General requirements
- 8.10.2.3 Test duty—An arcing fault inside voltage regulator [Go to Page]
- 8.10.2.3.1 First test
- 8.10.2.3.2 Second test
- 8.10.2.4 Test results
- 8.11 Calculated data [Go to Page]
- 8.11.1 Reference temperature
- 8.11.2 Loss and excitation current [Go to Page]
- 8.11.2.1 Determination of no-load loss and exciting current
- 8.11.2.2 Load loss
- 8.11.2.3 Total loss
- 8.11.3 Efficiency
- 8.11.4 Calculation of winding temperature during a short-circuit
- 8.11.5 Certified test data
- 9 On-load tap-changer [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Routine tests [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 On-load tap-changer tests
- 9.2.2 Mechanical tests
- 9.2.3 Auxiliary circuits insulation test
- 9.3 Design tests [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Temperature-rise of contacts test
- 9.3.2 Switching tests [Go to Page]
- 9.3.2.1 Service duty test
- 9.3.2.2 Breaking capacity tests
- 9.3.3 Short-circuit test
- 9.3.4 Reactor test
- 9.3.5 Mechanical test
- 9.3.6 Dielectric tests [Go to Page]
- 9.3.6.1 General
- 9.3.6.2 Nature of tests
- 9.3.6.3 Test voltages
- 9.3.6.4 Application of test voltages
- 9.3.6.5 Full wave lightning impulse test
- 9.3.6.6 Chopped wave lightning impulse test
- 9.3.6.7 Applied voltage test
- 10 Control Systems [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Control device construction [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 Setpoint adjustment ranges
- 10.2.2 Components and accessories
- 10.3 Universal interface (when specified) [Go to Page]
- 10.3.1 Connection between control enclosure and apparatus liquid-immersed container
- 10.3.2 Universal interface connectors
- 10.4 Control system requirements [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1 Accuracy [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1.1 Sensing apparatus [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1.1.1 Voltage source
- 10.4.1.1.2 Current source
- 10.4.1.2 Control device [Go to Page]
- 10.4.1.2.1 Errors
- 10.4.1.2.2 Factors for accuracy determination of control device
- 10.5 Tests [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1 Design tests [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.1 Accuracy [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.1.1 Procedure for determination of accuracy of control device
- 10.5.1.1.2 Test for errors in voltage device
- 10.5.1.2 Set point marks [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.2.1 Voltage level marking deviation
- 10.5.1.2.2 Bandwidth marking deviation
- 10.5.1.2.3 Compensator marking deviation
- 10.5.1.2.4 Time delay set marking deviation
- 10.5.1.3 Environmental tests per IEC 60255-1 [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.3.1 Temperature
- 10.5.1.3.2 Humidity
- 10.5.1.3.3 Vibration
- 10.5.1.4 Insulation coordination tests
- 10.5.1.5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.5.1 Electrostatic discharge immunity
- 10.5.1.5.2 Radiated interference immunity
- 10.5.1.5.3 Surge withstand capability
- 10.5.1.5.4 Surge immunity
- 10.5.1.5.5 Conducted interference immunity
- 10.5.1.5.6 Voltage dips and interruptions immunity
- 10.5.1.6 On-load tap-changer compatibility design test [Go to Page]
- 10.5.1.6.1 Test procedure set up
- 10.5.1.6.2 Manual operations test sequence, 512 taps total (16 cycles).
- 10.5.1.6.3 Automatic operations test sequence, 512 taps total (16 cycles).
- 10.5.1.6.4 Test summary
- 10.5.1.7 Devices to be tested
- 10.5.2 Routine tests [Go to Page]
- 10.5.2.1 Applied voltage
- 10.5.2.2 Operation
- Annex A (informative) Unusual temperature and altitude conditions [Go to Page]
- A.1 Unusual temperatures and altitude service conditions
- A.2 Effects of altitude on temperature-rise
- A.3 Operation at rated kVA
- A.4 Operation at less than rated kVA
- Annex B (informative) Field dielectric tests [Go to Page]
- B.1 Tests on bushings
- B.2 Dielectric tests in the field
- Annex C (informative) Step-voltage regulator construction [Go to Page]
- C.1 Type A
- C.2 Type B
- C.3 Series transformer
- C.4 Reactor circuit
- C.5 Equalizer winding
- Annex D (informative) Bypass off Neutral
- Annex E (informative) Overloading of step-voltage regulators
- Annex F (informative) Power capacitor and distributed generation compatibility [Go to Page]
- F.1 Power capacitor application issues [Go to Page]
- F.1.1 Power circuit for consideration
- F.1.2 Voltage regulator incorporating line-drop compensation (LDC) in the control
- F.1.3 Voltage regulator incorporating line current compensation (LCC) in the control
- F.2 Distributed generation application issues [Go to Page]
- F.2.1 Control operation with power reversal recognition [Go to Page]
- F.2.1.1 Ignore
- F.2.1.2 Block
- F.2.1.3 Return to Neutral
- F.2.1.4 Distributed generation
- F.2.2 Power circuit for consideration
- F.2.3 Distributed generator alternatives [Go to Page]
- F.2.3.1 Induction generators
- F.2.3.2 Wind-Turbine generators
- F.2.3.3 Solar photo-voltaic
- F.2.4 P-Q summary
- F.2.5 Example system with distribution generation (DG)
- F.2.6 Expanded example, distributed generation mode
- F.2.7 Caveats
- F.2.8 Conclusions
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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