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eLibrary >
BS EN IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 Assessment methods of the human exposure to electric and magnetic fields from wireless power transfer systems. Models, instrumentation, measurement and computational methods and procedures (frequency range of 3 kHz to 30 MHz) >
BS EN IEC/IEEE 63184:2025 Assessment methods of the human exposure to electric and magnetic fields from wireless power transfer systems. Models, instrumentation, measurement and computational methods and procedures (frequency range of 3 kHz to 30 MHz), 2025
- undefined
- European foreword
- Endorsement notice
- Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding European publications [Go to Page]
- English [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Physical quantities
- 4.2 Constants
- 4.3 Abbreviated terms
- 5 Assessment procedures [Go to Page]
- 5.1 General
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Flowchart for the assessment procedure
- 5.2 Compliance assessment considering direct effects [Go to Page]
- 5.2.1 General
- Figure 2 – Flowchart for the assessment procedure considering direct effects [Go to Page]
- 5.2.2 Tier 1: Evaluation based on coil current
- 5.2.3 Tier 2: Evaluation of incident fields against reference levels
- 5.2.4 Tier 3: Evaluation of incident magnetic fields using coupling factor
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – List of symbols used in the formulas of 5.2.4.2 and 5.2.4.3
- Figure 3 – The gradient Gn is determined at the surface and normal to the surface, i.e. in the direction of the axis shown [Go to Page]
- 5.2.5 Tier 4: Evaluation of internal E-field, current density, or SAR against basic restrictions
- 5.3 Exposure assessment of contact currents
- Figure 4 – Coupling factors k of Formula (7) through Formula (11) as a function of the normalized magnetic field gradient [13]
- Figure 5 – Two exposure situations for ungrounded and grounded metal objects
- 6 Measurement methods [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Incident fields [Go to Page]
- 6.1.1 General
- Figure 6 – Flowchart for assessment procedures for contact currents [Go to Page]
- 6.1.2 Equipment
- 6.2 SAR and pEind
- Table 2 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium liquid
- Table 3 – Dielectric properties of the tissue-equivalent medium NaCl solution of 0,074 mol/L
- 6.3 Contact currents [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 General
- 6.3.2 Equipment
- 6.3.3 Measurements
- Figure 7 – Human body equivalent circuit proposed in IEC 60990 [30]
- Figure 8 – Impedance frequency characteristics of adult male and equivalent circuits proposed in IEC 60990 [30] and evaluated values [31], [32], [33], [34]
- Figure 9 – Example of contact current measurement equipment
- 7 Computational assessment methods [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Quasi-static approximation
- Table 4 – Computational methods
- 7.3 Computational assessment against the basic restrictions [Go to Page]
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Peak spatial-average SAR
- 7.3.3 Whole-body average SAR
- 7.3.4 Averaged current density on a surface
- 7.3.5 Peak spatial average internal E-field in a cubical volume
- 7.3.6 Peak spatial average internal E-field along a line
- 7.3.7 Maximum local internal E-field
- 8 Combination of measurement and computational methods for inductive WPT systems [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Measurement of magnetic field
- 8.3 Computational analyses of induced quantities
- 8.4 Computational assessment against the basic restrictions
- 9 Uncertainty assessments [Go to Page]
- 9.1 General
- 9.2 Measurement methods [Go to Page]
- 9.2.1 Measurement uncertainty budget
- Table 5 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of the the E-field and H-field exposure assessment using measurement methods [Go to Page]
- 9.2.2 Amplitude calibration uncertainty
- 9.2.3 Probe anisotropy
- 9.2.4 Probe dynamic range linearity
- 9.2.5 Probe frequency domain response
- 9.2.6 Modulation response
- 9.2.7 Spatial averaging (maximum gradient)
- 9.2.8 Gradient assessment uncertainty
- 9.2.9 Parasitic E-field and H-field sensitivity
- 9.2.10 Detection limit
- 9.2.11 Readout electronics
- 9.2.12 Response time
- 9.2.13 Probe positioning
- 9.2.14 Signal postprocessing
- 9.2.15 Nominal position
- 9.2.16 Repeatability
- 9.2.17 DUT
- 9.3 Computational methods [Go to Page]
- 9.3.1 Computational uncertainty budget
- Table 6 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of computational methods [Go to Page]
- 9.3.2 Grid resolution
- 9.3.3 Tissue parameters
- 9.3.4 Exposure position
- 9.3.5 Convergence
- 9.3.6 Power budget
- 9.3.7 Boundary conditions
- 9.3.8 Quasi-static approximation
- 9.3.9 Model parts and geometry
- 9.3.10 Dielectric parameters
- 9.3.11 Ferrite parameters
- 9.3.12 Positioning of transmit and receive coils
- 9.3.13 Coupling of transmit and receive coils
- 9.3.14 Exposure sources other than the coils
- 9.3.15 Loading of the coil
- 9.4 Assessment of combining measurement and computational methods
- 10 Reporting [Go to Page]
- 10.1 General
- 10.2 Items to be recorded in exposure compliance assessment reports
- Table 7 – Example of uncertainty evaluation of the exposure assessment combining measurements and computational methods
- 10.3 Additional items to be included for evaluation measurements
- 10.4 Additional items to be included for numerical and combined numerical and measurement evaluations
- Annexes [Go to Page]
- Annex A (normative) Exposure evaluations using approximations [Go to Page]
- A.1 Limit on current for a WPT coil
- A.2 Induced field quantities for comparison with basic restrictions
- Figure A.1 – Comparison of the H-field with number of turns n at 1 cm from a circular coil calculated with Biot-Savart and with the approximation of Formula (A.1) [Go to Page]
- A.3 Enhancement or coverage factor
- Annex B (normative) Calibration methods [Go to Page]
- B.1 General
- B.2 E-field and H-field calibration [Go to Page]
- B.2.1 Standard field generation methods
- B.2.2 Characteristics to be measured
- Table B.1 – EM field generation setups for probe and sensor calibrations [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- B.2.3 Frequency domain calibration
- Figure B.1 – H-field and E-field generation setup for probe calibration
- Table B.2 – Main components of H-field and E-field generation setups for frequency response calibration
- Table B.3 – Template for uncertainty in frequency response calibration
- Figure B.2 – H-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration
- Table B.4 – Main components of H-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration
- Table B.5 – Template for uncertainty in H-field dynamic range calibration [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- B.2.4 E-field calibration
- Figure B.3 – E-field generation setup for frequency response calibration
- Table B.6 – Main components of E-field generation setup for frequency response calibration
- Table B.7 – Template for uncertainty in E-field frequency response calibration
- Figure B.4 – E-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration
- Table B.8 – Main components of E-field generation setup for dynamic range calibration
- Table B.9 – Template for the uncertainty of the E-field dynamic range [Go to Page]
- B.3 Gradient response verification [Go to Page]
- B.3.1 General
- B.3.2 H-field gradient verification: Main steps
- B.3.3 Uncertainty for H-field gradient verification
- B.4 Dosimetric probe calibration [Go to Page]
- B.4.1 General
- Table B.10 – Template for uncertainty of the H-field gradient verification [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- B.4.2 Calibration with short dipole antennas via transmit antenna factor
- Figure B.5 – Illustration of the transmit antenna factor evaluation setup [51]
- Figure B.6 – Illustration of the sensitivity coefficients evaluation setup [51] [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- B.4.3 Uncertainty
- Table B.11 – Uncertainty template for evaluation of average internal electric field produced by short dipole antenna via transmit antenna factor
- Annex C (normative) Verification and validation methods for measurements [Go to Page]
- C.1 General
- C.2 Objective
- C.3 Measurement setup and procedure for system verification and system validation [Go to Page]
- C.3.1 General
- C.3.2 Measurement system verification: test procedure
- Figure C.1 – Recommended test setups for measurement system verification and validation [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- C.3.3 Measurement system validation: test procedure
- Annex D (informative) Case study on the dependency of SAR on phantom properties and size [Go to Page]
- D.1 Phantom properties
- Figure D.1 – Simulation model of large WPT system operating close to a) elliptical phantom and b) human body model
- Figure D.2 – Different exposure conditions for human body model
- Figure D.3 – Calculated SAR for circular coils with a 50 cm diameter operating at 6 cm from the elliptical phantom and heterogeneous human model
- Figure D.4 – Simulation model of small WPT system operating close to a) elliptical phantom and b) human body model [Go to Page]
- D.2 Phantom size
- Figure D.5 – Calculated SAR for the small square coils with dimensions 10 cm × 10 cm operating at 2 cm from the elliptical phantom and heterogeneous human model
- Figure D.6 – Layout of large WPT system for exposure condition of a) case A and b) case C with respect to the elliptical phantom surface
- Figure D.7 – Calculated 10 g-averaged SAR versus the smaller axis of elliptical phantom v normalized by coil outer diameter D for a) case A (fhigh = 7,54 MHz) and b) case C (flow = 6,14 MHz, fhigh = 7,18 MHz)
- Figure D.8 – Layout of small WPT system for exposure conditions of case C with respect to a) elliptical phantom and b) rectangular phantom
- Figure D.9 – Calculated 10 g-averaged SAR versus the smaller axis v or width W normalized by square coil diagonal K for a) elliptical phantom (flow = 6,6 MHz, fhigh = 7,64 MHz) and b) rectangular phantom (flow = 6,59 MHz)
- Annex E (informative) Extrapolation methods of SAR measurement [Go to Page]
- E.1 General
- E.2 Measurement and interpolation of electric field inside a phantom [Go to Page]
- E.2.1 General
- E.2.2 Extrapolation functions
- E.2.3 Three steps for determination of spatial-peak SAR
- E.2.4 Validation of measurement methods using extrapolation
- Figure E.1 – Schematic diagram of measurement system
- Figure E.2 – Measurement system
- Figure E.3 – Measured and simulated electric field distributions in the measurement plane 25 mm away from the phantom boundary with solenoid-type WPT system positioned parallel to the phantom wall [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- E.2.5 Uncertainty
- Figure E.4 – Measured and simulated electric field distributions in the measurement plane 25 mm away from the phantom boundary with flat-spiral-type WPT system positioned parallel to the phantom wall
- Figure E.5 – 10 g averaged SAR obtained by measurement, and extrapolation and MoM-derived 10 g averaged SAR
- Table E.1 – Measurement uncertainty of 10 g averaged SAR
- Annex F (informative) Computational methods [Go to Page]
- F.1 General
- F.2 Quasi-static finite element method
- F.3 Scalar potential finite difference method
- F.4 Impedance method
- F.5 Finite-difference time-domain method
- F.6 Hybrid technique of MoM and FDTD method
- F.7 Hybrid technique of FEM and SPFD method
- Annex G (informative) Averaging algorithms [Go to Page]
- G.1 Current density averaging over an area [Go to Page]
- G.1.1 General
- G.1.2 Calculation of the current density in a Cartesian voxel
- G.1.3 Calculation of the current density in a tetrahedron
- G.1.4 Calculation of Jav
- Figure G.1 – Field components on voxel edges [Go to Page]
- G.2 Internal E-field [Go to Page]
- G.2.1 General
- G.2.2 E-field averaging in a cubical volume
- G.2.3 E-field averaging along an averaging distance
- G.2.4 Maximum local E-field
- Annex H (normative) Code verification and model validations [Go to Page]
- H.1 Code verification [Go to Page]
- H.1.1 General
- H.1.2 Quasi-static codes
- H.1.3 Quasi-static codes for the calculation of the incident magnetic field
- Figure H.1 – Coordinate system and angles [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- H.1.4 Averaging algorithms
- Table H.1 – Interpolation and superposition of vector field components for loop currents I and phase offsets ξ [Go to Page]
- H.2 Model validation [Go to Page]
- H.2.1 General
- H.2.2 Recommendations for the development of the computational model
- H.2.3 Determining the validity of the field source
- Annex I (informative) Use cases of magnetic field exposure assessment [Go to Page]
- I.1 EV WPT – electric passenger car [Go to Page]
- I.1.1 General
- I.1.2 Determination of user position
- Figure I.1 – Example for regions of protection, for ground mounted systems (vehicle) [78] [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- I.1.3 Assessment procedures considering direct effects for WPT system for EV
- Figure I.2 – Example for regions of protection, for ground mounted systems (using vehicle mimic plate)
- Figure I.3 – Flowchart for EV and vehicle mimic plate assessment (direct effect)
- Figure I.4 – Region 2 measurement positions (WPT)
- Figure I.5 – Region 3 measurement positions
- Figure I.6 – Region 2 measurement positions of vehicle mimic plate (WPT)
- Figure I.7 – Region 3 measurement positions of vehicle mimic plate (WPT) [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- I.1.4 Assessment procedures for contact currents of WPT systems for EV
- Figure I.8 – Flowchart for EV use and vehicle mimic plate assessment (contact currents)
- Figure I.9 – Configuration example of contact current with grounded condition: (1) with vehicle
- Figure I.10 – Configuration example of contact current with grounded condition: (2) with vehicle mimic plate
- Figure I.11 – Configuration example of contact current with ungrounded condition: (1) with vehicle [Go to Page]
- I.2 Heavy duty vehicle EMF measurement procedure [Go to Page]
- I.2.1 General
- I.2.2 Step 1
- Figure I.12 – Configuration example of contact current with ungrounded condition: (2) with vehicle mimic plate
- Figure I.13 – EMF measurement for heavy duty vehicle: top view
- Figure I.14 – EMF measurement for heavy duty vehicle: side view [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- I.2.3 Step 2
- I.2.4 Step 3
- Figure I.15 – Measurement points on the inside floor of WPT bus [Go to Page]
- I.3 Remotely piloted aircraft [Go to Page]
- I.3.1 General
- I.3.2 Assessment procedures of WPT system for RPA
- Figure I.16 – Measurement position
- Annex J (informative) Examples of magnetic field exposure assessment [Go to Page]
- J.1 General
- J.2 Assessment procedure of heavy-duty WPT EV system [Go to Page]
- J.2.1 Outline of assessment procedure
- J.2.2 Test condition
- Figure J.1 – EMF test of an electric bus (2015 August 7, Sejong City) [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- J.2.3 Test result 1
- J.2.4 Test result 2
- J.2.5 Test result 3
- J.3 Remotely piloted aircraft [Go to Page]
- J.3.1 General
- Figure J.2 – Test result 1 from side-view [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- J.3.2 Description of WPT system for RPA
- J.3.3 Measurement of magnetic field around the WPT system for RPA
- Figure J.3 – Geometry and measurement position of WPT system for RPA [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- J.3.4 Modelling for the WPT system for RPA
- J.3.5 Evaluation of incident field against basic restrictions
- Figure J.4 – Measured magnetic field strength
- Figure J.5 – Measured and computed magnetic field strength
- Table J.1 – Computed coupling factor kL
- Table J.2 – Evaluation results using coupling factor kL
- Table J.3 – Evaluation results using coupling factor kG [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- J.3.6 Evaluation of current density, internal electric field, and SAR against basic restrictions
- J.4 Combined method of measurement and computational analysis [Go to Page]
- J.4.1 General
- J.4.2 Measurement of magnetic field
- Table J.4 – Computational results of current density (J), internal electric field (E), and spatial peak 10 g average SAR (SAR10 g) [Go to Page]
- [Go to Page]
- J.4.3 Computational analyses of induced quantities
- J.4.4 Example of exposure assessment for WPT systems using combined method
- Figure J.6 – Measurement system for the magnetic near-field of WPT systems [83]
- Figure J.7 – Schematic view and picture of the fabricated magnetic-field probes [83]
- Figure J.8 – Schematic view (left) and picture (right) of WPT systems [83]
- Figure J.9 – Exposure conditions for WPT coils [83]
- Figure J.10 – Amplitude and phase distributions of magnetic fields measured near WPT systems without (w/o) and with (w/) ferrite tiles [83] [Go to Page]
- J.5 SAR measurement for WPT system
- Figure J.11 – Distribution of the internal electric field strength with adult male model for an input power of 7,7 kW [83]
- Figure J.12 – WPT system operating at 6,78 MHz
- Figure J.13 – SAR distribution on a plane at 25 mm from the bottom of the phantom
- Annex K (informative) Proximity detection sensor considerations for the exposure assessment of wireless charging implementations for vehicles [Go to Page]
- K.1 General
- K.2 Phantom specification [Go to Page]
- K.2.1 Phantom for the stationary living object detection
- K.2.2 Phantom for the proximity living object detection
- K.3 Procedures for determining proximity detection sensor triggering distance
- K.4 Testing areas
- K.5 Procedures for determining stationary living objects
- Figure K.1 – Test side consideration drawing
- Figure K.2 – Positioning of the phantom and the DUT WPT for determining the detection sensor triggering distance, an example of charging an electric vehicle with a WPT system
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
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