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PD IEC TS 61400-28:2025 Wind energy generation systems - Through-life management and life extension of wind power assets, 2025
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- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms [Go to Page]
- 3.1 Terms and definitions
- 3.2 Abbreviated terms
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – Comparison between definitions of remaining life used in this document
- 4 User guidance: Concept of through-life management and lifetime extension [Go to Page]
- 4.1 Overview
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Updated assessments and estimates of component safety and remaining life
- Figure 2 – Illustration of how the level of confidence can be improved by applying IEC TS 61400-28 (for example, relating to the estimated RUL)
- Figure 3 – The 3 typical phases of operation of a wind turbine
- Figure 4 – Effect on asset life due to improved strategies and increased levels of confidence
- 4.2 Data management
- 4.3 Reading guideline
- Figure 5 – Process of through-life management and lifetime extension −Data management is the backbone of the process
- Figure 6 – Increase level of confidence, gradually by applying the methods
- 5 Data management, requirements and uncertainty [Go to Page]
- 5.1 Preamble
- 5.2 Data management
- 5.3 Data and information definition
- 5.4 Data / information sources [Go to Page]
- 5.4.1 Design information
- 5.4.2 Meteorological data
- 5.4.3 Wind data from nacelle
- 5.4.4 Extreme site conditions
- 5.4.5 SCADA data
- 5.4.6 Instrumentation
- 5.4.7 Operational experience
- 5.4.8 Maintenance and field history
- 5.4.9 Inspection history
- 5.5 Data requirements for components in the primary load path
- 5.6 Data uncertainty
- 5.7 Classification of uncertainty
- 5.8 Data requirements for new wind farms
- 6 Risk management process [Go to Page]
- 6.1 General approach
- Table 2 – Classification of uncertainty
- Figure 7 – Iterative sequence in general risk assessment procedures
- 6.2 Scope of risk assessment
- Table 3 – Key properties of failure mode and components of a risk priority number
- 6.3 Life extension risk assessment
- 7 Wind farm operation, maintenance and inspections [Go to Page]
- 7.1 Name plate and design class requirements
- 7.2 Replacement of structural or major components
- 7.3 Operation and maintenance
- 7.4 Physical inspections
- 7.5 Scheduling of physical inspections [Go to Page]
- 7.5.1 General
- 7.5.2 Early life inspections (15 % to 25 % through operational life)
- 7.5.3 Mid-life inspections (45 % to 55 % through operational life)
- 7.5.4 Life extension preparation inspections (70 % to 80 % through operational life)
- 8 Condition and structural health monitoring [Go to Page]
- 8.1 Purpose
- Figure 8 – Condition and structural health monitoring management process
- 8.2 CMD minimum necessary requirement [Go to Page]
- 8.2.1 General
- 8.2.2 Vibration monitoring system (VMS)
- 8.2.3 Temperature monitoring
- Table 4 – Example of distinctions between data, information, advice and decision [Go to Page]
- 8.2.4 Oil and grease wear particle analysis
- 8.2.5 Site (wind) condition monitoring
- 8.3 Structural health and load monitoring
- 8.4 Data acquisition
- 8.5 Integration to asset management [Go to Page]
- 8.5.1 General
- 8.5.2 Documentation
- 8.5.3 Business procedures
- 9 Health and safety information
- 10 Analytical assessment of turbine lifetime [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Overview
- 10.2 Methods to determine loads [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 General
- 10.2.2 Relative assessment
- 10.2.3 Absolute assessment
- 10.3 Model data, input data and their uncertainties
- Annex A (informative) Health and safety – inspection and performance criteria [Go to Page]
- A.1 General
- A.2 Content and format of any reports issued
- A.3 Operation and maintenance data
- Annex B (informative) Data requirements for primary load path [Go to Page]
- B.1 Input data requirements
- Table B.1 – Input data requirements
- B.2 Condition monitoring data requirements
- Table B.2 – Condition monitoring data requirements
- Table B.3 – Condition monitoring requirements for main bearings
- Table B.4 – Condition monitoring requirements for gearbox
- Table B.5 – Data requirements for yaw mechanism
- Table B.6 – Data requirements for tower
- Table B.7 – Data requirements for foundation
- Table B.8 – Data requirements from measurements and characterisation of site conditions
- Annex C (informative) Physical inspections – best practice for documentation of results, findings and insights [Go to Page]
- C.1 Physical inspections
- Table C.1 – Required physical inspections
- C.2 Inspection scope
- C.3 Highly recommended inspections [Go to Page]
- C.3.1 Tower
- C.3.2 Blades
- C.3.3 Pitch bearings
- C.3.4 Yaw ring and bearing
- C.3.5 Foundation
- C.3.6 Transition piece (offshore)
- C.3.7 Nacelle frame / bedplate
- C.3.8 Hub
- C.3.9 Bolted connections
- C.3.10 Safety systems
- C.3.11 Main bearing
- C.3.12 Main shaft
- C.4 Recommended inspections [Go to Page]
- C.4.1 Gearbox inspections
- C.4.2 Generator inspection
- C.4.3 Yaw drives
- C.4.4 Nacelle condition
- C.5 Scheduled service (change or prolong existing schedule service)
- C.6 Additional inspections and testing
- C.7 Inspection reporting
- Table C.2 – Reporting inspection findings
- Annex D (informative) Analytical assessment of turbine lifetime – relative approach with accuracy assessment [Go to Page]
- D.1 General
- D.2 Sources of uncertainties
- D.3 Input data uncertainty
- Table D.1 – Relationship between COV of data and uncertainty category
- D.4 Model sensitivity to input data
- D.5 Model uncertainties
- D.6 Uncertainty assessment by accuracy assessment numbers (AAN) [Go to Page]
- D.6.1 General
- Figure D.1 – AAN levels
- Table D.2 – Weighted uncertainty
- Figure D.2 – Load increase factors γ depending weighted model uncertainty and weighted data uncertainty [Go to Page]
- D.6.2 Example for the determination of AAN
- Table D.3 – Assessment of weighted data uncertainty
- Table D.4 – Assessment of weighted data model uncertainty
- D.7 Probabilistic assessment of remaining lifetime
- Annex E (informative) Minimal CMDs for rolling element bearings and hydraulic systems [Go to Page]
- E.1 Preamble
- E.2 Bearing failure modes
- E.3 The pragmatic approach
- E.4 VMS
- E.5 Temperatures
- E.6 Grease cleanliness
- E.7 Oil lubricant cleanliness (acceptable values over whole lifetime)
- Figure E.1 – Example of reduction in life with filter rating (note L50 is shown here for illustrative purposes, whereas L10 life is used for wind turbine applications)
- Annex F (informative) Example of a methodology for assessment of risk [Go to Page]
- F.1 Overview
- F.2 Application of failure modes and effects analysis
- Figure F.1 – Illustrative example showing the increase of RPN in later life due to increasing occurrence
- F.3 Using the potential failure (P-F) interval to assess detectability
- Figure F.2 – Illustrative example of the management RPN by improving detectability in later life
- F.4 Summary
- Annex G (informative) Through-life management and remaining useful life [Go to Page]
- G.1 Through-life management
- Figure G.1 – Through-life management of a wind turbine
- Figure G.2 – Through-life management of a wind farm
- G.2 Life extension
- Figure G.3 – Life extension scenarios
- G.3 Remaining useful life
- Figure G.4 – Single component with no failures
- Figure G.5 – Single component with symptom
- Figure G.6 – Multiple components with symptoms
- Bibliography [Go to Page]
