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PD IEC/TR 62918:2014 Nuclear power plants. Instrumentation and control important to safety. Use and selection of wireless devices to be integrated in systems important to safety, 2014
- 30310423-VOR.pdf [Go to Page]
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 Scope
- 2 Normative references
- 3 Terms and definitions
- 4 Motivation
- 5 Generic applications
- 6 Technology [Go to Page]
- 6.1 Wireless basics
- 6.2 Industrial wireless sensor networks
- 6.3 Radio frequency [Go to Page]
- 6.3.1 Applications
- 6.3.2 802.11 (Wi-Fi), 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), 802.15.4 (sensors)
- 6.4 Satellite leased channels and VSAT
- 6.5 Magnetic field communications
- 6.6 Visual light communication (VLC)
- 6.7 Acoustic communication
- 6.8 Asset tracking utilizing IEEE 802.11 – Focus on received signal strength
- 6.9 Asset tracking (RFID/RTLS): ISO 24730
- 7 Current wireless technology implementations [Go to Page]
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Comanche Peak nuclear generating station
- 7.3 Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) nuclear power plant
- 7.4 Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant
- 7.5 Farley nuclear power plant
- 7.6 San Onofre nuclear generating station
- 7.7 South Texas project electric generating station
- 7.8 High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), Oak Ridge, TN
- 8 Considerations [Go to Page]
- 8.1 General
- 8.2 Concerns regarding wireless technology
- 8.3 Wireless deployment challenges
- 8.4 Coexistence of 802.11 and 802.15.4
- 8.5 Signal propagation
- 8.6 Lessons learned from wireless implementations [Go to Page]
- 8.6.1 General
- 8.6.2 Comanche Peak implementation
- 9 Concerns [Go to Page]
- 9.1 Common reliability and security concerns for wired media and wireless media
- 9.2 Reliability and security concerns that are more of an issue for wired systems
- 9.3 Reliability and security concerns that are more of an issue for wireless systems
- 10 Standards [Go to Page]
- 10.1 Nuclear standards [Go to Page]
- 10.1.1 General
- 10.1.2 IEEE Std. 603-1998
- 10.1.3 IEEE Std. 7-4.3.2-2003
- 10.1.4 IEC 61500
- 10.2 Other safety-related standards and guidelines [Go to Page]
- 10.2.1 IEC 61784-3
- 10.2.2 VTT research notes 2265
- 10.2.3 European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems – Technical Committee 7 (EWICS TC7)
- 11 Conclusions [Go to Page]
- 11.1 Issues for wireless application to NPP
- 11.2 Recommendations
- Annex A (informative) Use of 5 GHz in the world
- Annex B (informative) Synopses of wireless technologies [Go to Page]
- B.1 802.11
- B.2 ISO 14443 Near Field Communications (NFC)
- B.3 Real details of mesh networking
- B.4 Not all mesh networks are created equal – Latency and indeterminism in mesh networks
- B.5 ISA100.11a – “Mesh – When You Need It – Networking”
- B.6 Security by non-routing edge nodes
- B.7 Device and network provisioning methods
- Bibliography
- Figures [Go to Page]
- Figure 1 – Cost comparison – Wired versus wireless for an extensive building automation system
- Figure 2 – Wireless use in nuclear power plants
- Figure 3 – Possible application areas for wireless instrumentation in a nuclear power plant
- Figure 4 – Bandwidth requirements for a variety of applications and the associated wireless technology that can support such requirements
- Figure 5 – Structured fabric design of layered wireless for an industrial facility
- Figure 6 – Inexpensive wireless sensors in a fossil-fuel plant
- Figure 7 – Functional hierarchy
- Figure 8 – Simplified diagram of a generic wireless sensor design
- Figure 9 – Standard compliant network
- Figure 10 – 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) frequency channels in the 2 450 MHz range
- Figure 11 – 802.15.4 frequency channels in the 2 450 MHz range
- Figure 12 – Overlapping channel assignments for 802.11 operation in the 2 400 MHz range
- Figure 13 – 802.11n dual stream occupies 44 MHz of bandwidth. Dual stream 802.11n in the 2,4 GHz band
- Figure 14 – VSAT mini-hub network configuration
- Figure 15 – Spatial resolution is provided in multiple axes only if the tag (target in this Figure) is in communications with multiple APs
- Figure 16 – ISO 24730-2 architecture
- Figure 17 – Wireless vibration system at ANO
- Figure 18 – ANO wireless tank level system
- Figure 19 – Installation of accelerometers on ORNL HFIR cold source expansion engines (9-2010)
- Figure 20 – Cold source expansion engine monitoring system software
- Figure 21 – Installation of permanent wireless monitoring system at ORNL HFIR cooling tower (8-2011)
- Figure 22 – System commissioned in August 2011
- Figure 23 – Identification of containment in a nuclear facility
- Figure 24 – Non-overlapping 802.11b/g channels and 802.15.4 channels
- Figure 25 – Spectral analysis of Wi-Fi traffic for the case where a) minimal wi-fi channel “usage” and b) streaming video transfer across Wi-Fi channel 7 are analyzed
- Figure 26 – Multipath is exemplified in this indoor environment as the signal from Source (S) to Origin (O) may take many paths
- Figure B.1 – The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines the end-to-end communications means and needs for a wireless field transmitter to securely communicate with a distributed control system (DCS)
- Figure B.2 – Operating frequencies for an IEEE 802.15.4 radio are 868 MHz, 902-926 MHz and 2 405-2 485 MHz. The worldwide license-free band at 2400 MHz is shown
- Figure B.3 – Networking topologies take many forms with associated levels of complexity required for robust fault-tolerant data transport
- Figure B.4 – Typical mesh network diagram
- Figure B.5 – Requirement for mesh-networking communication of Figure B.4’s topology
- Figure B.6 – RF footprint map for a mesh network gateway and four nodes
- Figure B.7 – The connectivity diagram for Figure B.6’s RF footprint coverage map
- Figure B.8 – Representation of the latency and indeterminism that it takes for a message to be transported through a mesh network that relies on time synchronization
- Figure B.9 – The technical specifications associated with ISA100.11a end at the gateway. The area shaded falls within the Backhaul Work Group, ISA100.15
- Figure B.10 – ISA100.11a utilizes the best topology for the application, in this case, a star
- Figure B.11 – ISA100.11a allows for the deployment of multiple “hub and spoke” network elements with high speed interconnection to a gateway
- Figure B.12 – The ISA100.11a network deployed at Arkema was a logical mix of wireless field transmitters and an ISA100.15 backhaul network
- Figure B.13 – Networks deployed at neighbouring facilities will not “cross-talk” if non-routing nodes are deployed along the periphery of each facility
- Figure B.14 – State transition diagram showing various paths to joining a secured network
- Tables [Go to Page]
- Table 1 – List of “industrial” radio technology standards and their candidate applications
- Table 2 – Cellular telephony frequencies in the US
- Table 3 – GSM frequency bands, channel numbers assigned by the ITU
- Table 4 – Specific uses of wireless technologies in the nuclear industry
- Table A.1 – Use of 5 GHz in America, Asia/Pacific, and Europe [Go to Page]
